LLeffet direct et indirect de llinngalitt de genre dans lllducation sur le revenu par ttte des pays de la CEMAC (Direct and Indirect Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on per Capita GDP in the CEMAC Countries)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giscard Assoumou-Ella
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Per Capita

Impact of educational and gender inequality on income and income inequality in South Asian countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043-1062
Author(s):  
Kashif Munir ◽  
Ayesha Kanwal
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Per Capita

PurposeThe objectives of this study are threefold: firstly, to measure the impact of educational inequality on income inequality, and per capita income; secondly, to measure the impact of gender inequality in education on income inequality, per capita income and educational inequality; and lastly, to test the Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis between inequality in education and average year of schooling.Design/methodology/approachThe study has adopted the Marin and Psacharopoulos (1976) model of human capital in which income earned by an individual can be estimated as a function of number of year spent in schooling or education. Gini coefficient is used as a measure of income inequality, while inequality in education is measured by Gini index of educational inequality. Gender inequality in education is measured by the difference between male and female enrolment ratios as a proportion of male enrolment. The study utilizes the data of six South Asian countries, i.e. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2010 at five-year average and employs fixed effect model (FEM) and random effect model (REM) for estimation.FindingsResult suggests that educational inequality and average year of schooling have positive and significant impact on income inequality. Primary (basic) education and tertiary (higher) education reduce income inequality, while secondary education widens income inequality. Negative relationship exists between educational inequality and per capita income. Unequal distribution of education among boys and girls at primary level increases income inequality, while reduces income inequality at tertiary level. Gender inequality in secondary and tertiary level of education reduces per capita income, while unequal distribution of education among boys and girls further increases the educational inequality. Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis does not hold between education expansion and educational inequality, while weak U-shape relationship exists in South Asian countries.Practical implicationsGovernment has to provide free education in poor regions and makes employment programs to reduce the income and educational inequality respectively, while to remove gender inequality in education it is necessary to build more schools especially for girls. Government has to launch different online education programs for expansion in education at all levels.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by analyzing whether the inequality in income increases (decreases) due to increase (decrease) in educational and gender inequality in South Asian countries. This study contributes in the existing literature by developing a measure of educational and gender inequality in education in South Asian countries.Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2020-0226.

scholarly journals Growth, inequality and poverty: a robust relationship?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Marrero ◽  
Luis Servén
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Econometric Approach

AbstractThe consequences of poverty and inequality for growth have long preoccupied academics and policy-makers. This paper revisits the inequality-growth and poverty-growth links. Using a panel of 158 countries between 1960 and 2010, we find that the correlation of growth with poverty is consistently negative: A 10 p.p. decrease in the headcount poverty rate is associated with a subsequent increase in per capita GDP between 0.5 and 1.2% per year. In contrast, the correlation of growth with inequality is empirically fragile—it can be positive or negative, depending on the empirical specification and econometric approach employed. However, the indirect effect of inequality on growth through its correlation with poverty is robustly negative. Closer inspection shows that these results are driven by the sample observations featuring high poverty rates.

scholarly journals Effect of gender gap in education on district level GDP per capital of Nepal

2012 ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhav Prasad Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
District Level ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Per Capita

Growth theories developed in the 1980s and 1990s incorporate education centered human capital to explain the cross-country and country specific variations in the per capita gross domestic product. This article examines the effect of gender inequality in education on the per capita GDP of the districts of Nepal. Gender inequality in education is more pronounced in less developed countries than in developed countries. Utilizing the data pertaining to the year 2001 taken from Nepal Human Development Report 2004 published by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) country office Nepal, we find that gender gap in education has obvious negative impact on district level GDP per capita of Nepal. This bears implication in policy formulation to minimize the gender disparity in education.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v13i0.7211 Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol.13 & 14 2011, pp.65-74

scholarly journals Gender Inequality in Education: An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Factors and Impacts on the Economic Development of Malakand

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Umer Daraz ◽  
Akhlaq Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Religious Preference ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Per Capita

Women’s education is the most effective channel for reducing the inequalities between men and women and ensuring the maximum participation of women in the developmental process. This study is conducted in Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Further this Paper explains the socio-cultural reasons of gender inequality in education, and to investigate that how this inequality affects the economic stability. The data is collected through questionnaire from 165 household using cluster random sampling technique. Chi-square test and correlation technique are utilized for the verification of hypotheses which proves that the gender inequality in education is as an endogenous variable and show that it can be explained to a considerable extent by cultural-religious preference, and  regional factors. It is concluded from the study that, gender disparity in education reduces human per capita income. The study suggests that to improve human development in the context of per capita production, women’s education must be improved through the elimination of disparity in the text and by relaxing the socio-cultural factors.

International differences in labor productivity: Role of capital, technological level and resource rent

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Population Ratio ◽  
Gdp Gap ◽  
Productivity Gap

Using level accounting methodology this article examines sources of per capita GDP and labor productivity differences between Russia and developed and developing countries. It considers the role played by the following determinants in per capita GDP gap: per hour labor productivity, number of hours worked per worker and labor-population ratio. It is shown that labor productivity difference is the main reason of Russia’s lagging behind. Factors of Russia’s low labor productivity are then estimated. It is found that 33-39% of 2.5-5-times labor productivity gap (estimated for non-oil sector) between Russia and developed countries (US, Canada, Germany, Norway) is explained by lower capital-to-labor ratio and the latter 58-65% of the gap is due to lower technological level (multifactor productivity). Human capital level in Russia is almost the same as in developed countries, so it explains only 2-4% of labor productivity gap.

Long Run Money Neutrality: The Case of Guatemala

2005 ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Neutrality Test ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

The Fisher and Seater (1993) methodology is used to test for the long run neutrality of money in Guatemala, 1950-2001. Real GDP, real per capita GDP, and the money measures, M1 and M2, are integrated of order one [1(1)]. Given these orders of integration, the Fisher-Seater neutrality test can be applied. The evidence suggests that M1 and M2 are neutral with respect to real GDP. Furthermore, the test indicates that M1, but not M2, is neutral with respect to real per capita GDP as well.

scholarly journals Do Military Expenditure and Conflict Affect Economic Growth in Sri Lanka? Evidence from the ARDL Bounds Test Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abdul Rasheed Sithy Jesmy ◽  
Mohd Zaini Abd Karim ◽  
Shri Dewi Applanaidu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Bounds Test

Conflicts in the form of civil war, ethnic tensions and political discord are of enduring concern and a major bottleneck to economic development in Sri Lanka. Three decades of civil war and unethical political culture have caused severe economic problems for the country, including slower rate of growth and a huge defence expenditure. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of military expenditure and conflict on per capita GDP growth rate in Sri Lanka from 1973 to 2014 using the Solow growth model and ARDL bounds test approach. The results of the bounds test are highly significant and lead to cointegration. The negative and significant coefficients of the error correction term illustrate the expected convergence process in the long-run dynamic of per capita GDP. The estimated empirical results show that, the coefficients of military expenditure and conflict are negative and statistically significant in the short-run as well as in the long-run in determining per capita GDP growth rate in Sri Lanka. Hence, it is critically important to take necessary action to decrease military expenditure and provide an efficient political solution to the problem of minorities, specifically in the post-war period.

Railroad Integration and Uneven Development on the European Periphery, 1870–1910

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-289
Author(s):  
Eduard J. Alvarez-Palau ◽  
Alfonso Díez-Minguela ◽  
Jordi Martí-Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Railroad Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
European Periphery ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between railroad integration and regional development on the European periphery between 1870 and 1910, based on a regional data set including 291 spatial units. Railroad integration is proxied by railroad density, while per capita GDP is used as an indicator of economic development. The period under study is of particular relevance as it has been associated with the second wave of railroad construction in Europe and also coincides with the industrialization of most of the continent. Overall, we found that railroads had a significant and positive impact on the growth of per capita GDP across Europe. The magnitude of this relationship appears to be relatively modest, but the results obtained are robust with respect to a number of different specifications. From a geographical perspective, we found that railroads had a significantly greater influence on regions located in countries on the northern periphery of Europe than in other outlying areas. They also helped the economies of these areas to begin the process of catching up with the continent’s industrialized core. In contrast, the regions on the southern periphery showed lower levels of economic growth, with this exacerbating the preexisting divergence in economic development. The expansion of the railroad network in them was unable to homogenize the diffusion of economic development and tended to further benefit the regions that were already industrialized. In most of the cases, the capital effect was magnified, and this contributed to the consolidation of newly created nation-states.

scholarly journals Prevalence of small for gestational age infants in 21 cities in China, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui He ◽  
Huazhang Miao ◽  
Zhijiang Liang ◽  
Ye Zhang ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Health Information System ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractInfants who are small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of neonatal and infant death, non-communicable diseases and growth retardation. However, the epidemiological characteristics of SGA remain unclear. We aim to explore the prevalence of SGA and to examine its socioeconomic associations by using data from 21 cities. 10,515,494 single live birth records between 2014 and 2019 from the Guangdong Women and Children Health Information System were included in the study. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the prevalence trend of SGA and its distribution. We also analyze the associations between the prevalence of SGA and per-capita GDP. The prevalence of SGA in Guangdong Province from the years 2014–2019 was 13.17%, 12.96%, 11.96%, 12.72%, 11.45%, 11.30% respectively, and the overall prevalence was 12.28%. The prevalence of term SGA infants in Guangdong Province was 12.50%, which was much higher than that of preterm SGA (7.71%). There was a significant negative correlation between the SGA prevalence and per-capita GDP in 21 cities of Guangdong Province. The level of economic development may affect the prevalence of SGA. The prevalence of SGA in full term infants is significantly higher than in premature infants, suggesting that most SGA infants may be born at a later gestational age.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document