Railroad Integration and Uneven Development on the European Periphery, 1870–1910

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-289
Author(s):  
Eduard J. Alvarez-Palau ◽  
Alfonso Díez-Minguela ◽  
Jordi Martí-Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Railroad Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
European Periphery ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between railroad integration and regional development on the European periphery between 1870 and 1910, based on a regional data set including 291 spatial units. Railroad integration is proxied by railroad density, while per capita GDP is used as an indicator of economic development. The period under study is of particular relevance as it has been associated with the second wave of railroad construction in Europe and also coincides with the industrialization of most of the continent. Overall, we found that railroads had a significant and positive impact on the growth of per capita GDP across Europe. The magnitude of this relationship appears to be relatively modest, but the results obtained are robust with respect to a number of different specifications. From a geographical perspective, we found that railroads had a significantly greater influence on regions located in countries on the northern periphery of Europe than in other outlying areas. They also helped the economies of these areas to begin the process of catching up with the continent’s industrialized core. In contrast, the regions on the southern periphery showed lower levels of economic growth, with this exacerbating the preexisting divergence in economic development. The expansion of the railroad network in them was unable to homogenize the diffusion of economic development and tended to further benefit the regions that were already industrialized. In most of the cases, the capital effect was magnified, and this contributed to the consolidation of newly created nation-states.

scholarly journals Study on the relationship between industrialization level, economic development and environmental pollution in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Junran Ma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
The Relationship

With the development of economy, environmental problems gradually outstanding in China. This article adopts the method of empirical study, have collected the data of China's industrial added value, per capita GDP and emissions of the three major pollutants from 2004 to 2015. The VAR model was established on the basis of the logarithm values of the three factors mentioned above, so as to conduct impulse- response analysis to discuss the relationship between industrialization level, economic development and environmental pollution. The conclusion is as follows: (1) At present, the increase of China's industrial added value can promote the decline of China's environmental pollution emissions to a certain extent; (2) China is now at the left of the turning point of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the increase of per capita GDP will aggravate environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Impact of unemployment and income on entrepreneurship in post-apartheid South Africa: 1994–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darma Mahadea ◽  
Irrshad Kaseeram
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
National Development ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Background: South Africa has made significant progress since the dawn of democracy in 1994. It registered positive economic growth rates and its real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita increased from R42 849 in 1994 to over R56 000 in 2015. However, employment growth lagged behind GDP growth, resulting in rising unemployment. Aim and setting: Entrepreneurship brings together labour and capital in generating income, output and employment. According to South Africa’s National Development Plan, employment growth would come mainly from small-firm entrepreneurship and economic growth. Accordingly, this article investigates the impact unemployment and per capita income have on early stage total entrepreneurship activity (TEA) in South Africa, using data covering the 1994–2015 period. Methods: The methodology used is the dynamic least squares regression. The article tests the assertion that economic growth, proxied by real per capita GDP income, promotes entrepreneurship and that high unemployment forces necessity entrepreneurship. Results: The regression results indicate that per capita real GDP, which increases with economic growth, has a highly significant, positive impact on entrepreneurial activity, while unemployment has a weaker effect. A 1% rise in real per capita GDP results in a 0.16% rise in TEA entrepreneurship, and a 1% rise in unemployment is associated with a 0.25% rise in TEA. Conclusion: There seems to be a strong pull factor, from income growth to entrepreneurship and a reasonable push from unemployment to entrepreneurship, as individuals without employment are forced to self-employment as a necessity, survival mechanism. Overall, a long-run co-integrating relationship seems plausible between unemployment, income and entrepreneurship in South Africa.

Targeted state economic development incentives and entrepreneurship

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meg Patrick Tuszynski ◽  
Dean Stansel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Incentive Programs ◽  
Economic Development Incentives ◽  
State Economic Development ◽  
Development Incentives ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between state economic development incentives programs and entrepreneurial activity. Design/methodology/approach The authors use panel data and a fixed-effects model to examine the determinants of five measures of entrepreneurial activity. To measure state economic development incentives programs, they use a new and substantially improved data set from Bartik (2017). They also include a measure for economic freedom, the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedom of North America index. Findings The authors find a robustly negative relationship between development incentives and patent activity. They find some evidence that incentives are negatively associated with small business establishments (<10 employees) as a percentage of total establishments but positively associated with the large business establishment (>500 employees) share. They also find evidence of a positive relationship between economic freedom and both patent activity and net business formation. Research limitations/implications The results imply that economic development incentive programs are unlikely to increase entrepreneurial activity and may decrease it. They also imply increased economic freedom (lower taxes, lower spending, and lower governmental restrictions on labor markets) may increase entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this paper provides the first examination of the relationship between development incentives and entrepreneurial activity that utilizes Bartik (2017), a new vastly improved data set of state economic development incentive programs. The paper also contributes to the literature on the relationship between economic freedom and entrepreneurial activity.

scholarly journals Cultural and Social Diversity as an Economic Resource

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-155
Author(s):  
Damian S. Pyrkosz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Social Diversity ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Numerous Data ◽  
The Relationship

The paper seeks to identify the role of cultural and social diversity in economic development. It starts by defining the terms that are critical to the analysis, including diversity, fractionalization, polarization, social diversity, cultural diversity and economic resources, as well as providing the most significant indexes thereof. The main body of the paper interprets the notions of cultural and social diversity in terms of being a valuable economic resource. Furthermore, it collects a vast body of literature to demonstrate the relationship between the cultural/social diversity and economic development with regard to adverse or positive impact on the latter. In regard to the negative impact of diversity, the paper identifies it in the area of social communication, social capital and networks, as it effectively causes a decrease in productivity and increase in social conflict and isolation. The positive link is demonstrated with examples in the areas of innovation, creativity, usage of complementary abilities and experiences, and their role in increasing productivity. The paper refers to numerous data sources, studies and indexes illustrating how the economic systems of various countries perform in the context of the paper’s subject-matter.

Study on the Relationship between the Economics and Environment of Puyang City Based on Environmental Kuznets Curve

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 773-782
Author(s):  
Qing Song Li ◽  
Kai Kang ◽  
Jia Wei Zhu ◽  
Qing Xiang Meng ◽  
Su Jun Deng
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Environmental Index ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

The study set up the model of per capita GDP and the environmental index based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) with the support of SPSS software and the 2003-2011 economics and environment data of Puyang City. And the result shows that the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of industrial wastewater discharge and industrial sulfur dioxide emissions both display inverted U-shape; and just across the turning point, the discharge present downward trend with the increasing of per capita GDP; while the EKC of industrial fumes emissions display positive U-shape, and its emission present upward trend first and then downward with the increasing of per capita GDP. It shows that the environmental problems of Puyang City has partly improved, but has not been fully restrained. The main reasons are unreasonable industrial structure, single dominated industy and relatively low investment on environmental improvement.

Remittances and Economic Growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 325-343
Author(s):  
Mustafe Pllana ◽  
Aida Tmava
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Multiplicative Effect ◽  
Per Capita

Economic growth has become an important study growth matter. By economists economic growth is defined as capital stock growth, rising per capita GDP, increased access for manufactured goods and services for consumption and so on. In economic growth affect several factors and policies. Corruption, lack of investment, inappropriate institutions, inappropriate education etc. are some of obstacles to economic development. Consumption and investment are important components of aggregate demand with multiplicative effect in development. Remittances of migrants are significant potential financial capital used for investments, reflected in economic development and social prosperity. Remittances in Kosovo since 1960 have always been increasing. Participation of remittances to GDP in Kosovo in 2010 is about 12%. Remittances are the highest contributor to the Kosovo trade deficit coverage and are higher than foreign direct investments. Remittances unfortunately for various reasons are not exploited and are not sufficiently exploited for economic development.

Rationality and coordination: Visualizing highway network in Sichuan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1032-1036
Author(s):  
Wenjie Sun ◽  
Sijing Liu ◽  
LuLu Zhu ◽  
Guoqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Plateau Area ◽  
Highway Network ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

The highway network is considered to be an effective solution for reducing regional differences and promoting high-quality economic development. This study mapped Sichuan’s highway network on an equal per capita GDP cartogram and on an equal highway freight volumes cartogram, which can provide a unique perspective to recognize the rationality of highway layouts and its coordination relationship with the population and economic development. The research result indicates that highway layouts are seriously affected by the topographical and geologic conditions, and the population and level of economic development are key influencing factors. It also shows that the density of the highway network is still seriously inadequate in the vast mountain and plateau area.

R&D volatility and market value: the role of executive overconfidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Benlu Hai ◽  
Qingzhu Gao ◽  
Ximing Yin ◽  
Jin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Innovation Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Significant increase or decrease in research and development (R&D) expenditure may have an immense impact on market value. Based on the punctuated equilibrium theory, this paper aims to empirically analyze the impact of R&D volatilities on market value and the moderating effect of executive overconfidence. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the panel data set that covers 902 Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share manufacturing listed firms and multiple regression method to test the theoretical hypotheses. Findings The results show that both positive and negative R&D volatilities have a robust and significant positive impact on the market value. Further analysis shows that the executive overconfidence positively moderates the relationship between R&D volatilities and market value. Research limitations/implications In a rapidly changing and highly competitive environment, firms should recognize that the balance of innovation strategies will help to bring higher market value. Furthermore, firms could improve corporate governance to make the best of managerial characteristics, such as overconfidence, on the innovation decision-making process. Originality/value By pushing the static perspective to a dynamic perspective and empirically documenting the role of executive overconfidence, this study contributes to the literature on the relationship between R&D expenditure and market value, generating theoretical and practical insights for firms to improve innovation governance and innovation strategies to achieve better business performance.

scholarly journals Rain, Riches, and Empire: The Relationship between Nations Ruling Distant Lands, Nations of Great Wealth, and Regions of Regular Moderate Atmospheric Precipitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bruce Railsback
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Human History ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Human Construction ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Two of the great questions of human history and economics are why some nations held far-flung empires and why some presently enjoy great wealth. One factor that should be included in the inevitably multifactorial answer to these questions is regular moderate precipitation (precipitation with an average rate between 30 and 120 mm for each month). Only a small proportion of Earth’s surface has regular moderate precipitation, and most of that area is in Europe and eastern North America. Strikingly, of the 13 nations that held geographically discontinuous multicontinental transoceanic empires, 12 overlap with regions of regular moderate precipitation. Similarly, of the 20 nations with the greatest per capita GDP in 2015, 16 coincide with regions of regular moderate precipitation. These relationships are presumably rooted in the greater success, or lesser inhibition, of human construction of infrastructure, husbandry of livestock, and cultivation of crops, some combination of which likely allowed industrialization, projection of geopolitical power, and accumulation of wealth. One instructive example is that of China, which has a climate superficially like that of Europe and eastern North America but no regions of regular moderate rainfall, and which neither developed an overseas empire nor is among the world’s nations with greatest per capita GDP. Furthermore, concentration of nations holding empires and wealth in the Northern Hemisphere and their absence from the south can be linked to the coincidence that the Southern Hemisphere’s latitudinal zone of regular moderate rainfall is over the Southern Ocean, where there is little land on which human societies could have enjoyed the benefits of that supportive climate.

The relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1174-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namhyun Kim ◽  
HakJun Song ◽  
Ju Hyun Pyun
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
International Dollar ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries. The empirical model is set up using unbalanced panel observations for 69 developing countries for the period 1995–2012. The findings show that tourism has heterogeneous effects on the poverty ratio in terms of a country’s income per capita: the positive effect of tourism on poverty alleviation switches to being negative after a certain threshold of a country’s income level. The results of this study indicate that only the least developed countries (those with an income per capita below international dollar 3400) have benefited from the tourism industry in terms of reducing their poverty ratios.

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