High Prevalence of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> in Young Hospitalized Infants with Acute Respiratory Infection in the South of China: Age- and Season-Dependent Effects

Introduction: Influenza-like illness (ILI) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) are common presentations during winter and indiscriminate antibiotic use contributes significantly to the emerging post-antibiotic era. Methodology: Otherwise healthy 152 patients, presenting to outpatient clinics with ILI/ARI, were included. Patients had history & physical, CRP, hemogram and nasopharyngeal swabs for rhinovirus A/B, influenza A/B, adenovirus A/B/C/D/E, coronavirus 229E/NL63 and OC43, parainfluenza virus 1/2/3, respiratory syncytial virusA/B, metapneumovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Bordetella pertussis by PCR and for ABHS culture. Results: Median (IR) age was 26.5 (16.5). Time to presentation was shorter in men (p = 0.027). Patients with rhinovirus had lower rates (20%) of myalgia (p = 0.043). Patients with influenza virus had higher rates (97%) of elevated CRP (p = 0.016). Logistic regression revealed that patients with ILI/ARI and CRP ≥ 5 mg/L were 60 times more likely to have influenza virus infection than other viral agents (OR = 60.0, 95% CI = 2.65 to 1,358.2, p = 0.010). Rhinovirus predominated in December (54%), March (36%), and April (33%). Influenza virus predominated in January (51%). Fever was most common with adenovirus (p = 0.198). All GABHS cultures were negative. Atypical organisms and Bordetella pertussis were negative in all but one patient. Conclusions: Influenza virus is the most likely pathogen in ILI/ARI when CRP ≥ 5 mg/L. This might be explained by tissue destruction. Myalgia is rare with rhinovirus probably due to absence of viremia. Negative bacteria by PCR and culture suggest unnecessary antibiotic use in ILI/ARI.

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High genotypic diversity of Rhinoviruses obtained from Tunisian children with severe acute respiratory infection

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.12880 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (05) ◽

pp. 726-735

Author(s):

Sondes Haddad-Boubaker ◽

Khaoula Mefteh ◽

Chaima Mejri ◽

Aida Bouaffsoun ◽

Awatef El Moussi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Pediatric Intensive Care ◽

Extended Period ◽

Genotypic Diversity ◽

Genomic Region ◽

Human Enterovirus ◽

African Region ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

High Prevalence

Introduction: Rhinoviruses (HRV) are among the leading causes of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI). Their burden and genetic diversity vary from one region to another and little is known in Northern African regions. This study describes epidemiological patterns and genotypic diversity of HRV in SARI cases during a two and half year’s study, in Northern Tunisia. Methodology: A total of 271 SARI cases, admitted into the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital in Tunis, were collected between September 2015 and December 2017. The investigation concerned 104 samples positive for HRV and/or HEV (Human Enterovirus) obtained among these cases. Specific HRV and HEV detections were assessed by real-time PCRs. The HRV molecular typing was based on the VP4-VP2 genomic region analyses. Results: Among the viral SARI cases, 33.5% and 12.3% were positive for HRV and HEV respectively. Molecular investigations showed high prevalence of HRV-A (63.3%) followed by HRV-C (30.6%) and HRV-B (6.1%) and high genotypic diversity with 27 types. HRV cases were mostly detected in toddlers younger than 6 months. A total of 16 cases (28%) were found with bacterial and/or viral co-infection. HRV-C infection and HRV-A with bacterial co-infection were associated with complicated infection. Some of the detected types showed a continuous circulation or turnover during an extended period. HRV-A101 and HRV-C45 were the most frequently detected types. Conclusions: This study revealed, for the first time, the high HRV diversity in Tunisia, a North-African region. Specific phylogenetic investigations may help to evaluate their diversity and to trace their spread and epidemiological origin.

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An Epidemiologic Analysis of COVID-19 and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) Based on Hospital Data in Hormozgan Province in the South of Iran

hormozgan medical journal ◽

10.5812/hmj.107730 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Hossein Farshidi ◽

Mehdi Hassaniazad ◽

Abdollah Gharibzadeh ◽

Mahmood Hosseinpoor ◽

Abdoulhossain Madani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Heavy Traffic ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

The South ◽

Hospital Data ◽

Sense Of Smell ◽

Muscular Pain ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection

Background: From the general health perspective, the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Hormozgan Province, a region in the south of Iran marked by heavy traffic, can provide useful information to help control the epidemic of the disease in other provinces and the whole country. Objectives: Thus, the present research aimed to epidemiologically analyze COVID-19 patients and patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) based on hospital data in Hormozgan Province. Methods: In the present observational, analytical, cross-sectional study, the epidemiologic data of all 2,055 patients with the symptoms of acute respiratory problems who visited hospitals in Hormozgan between February 20, 2020, and April 19, 2020, were analyzed and reported. Patients’ demographic information included gender, age, and background diseases. Tabulated data, frequencies, and percentages were used for descriptive statistics, and the chi-squared test and odds ratios were used for inferential statistics. Results: The ratios of male to female among people with COVID-19 and respiratory infection were 1.15 and 1.12, respectively. The mean age of the participants was 42.8 ± 21 years. The results revealed that contact with patients had the highest odds ratio (5.41 - 9.30, OR = 7.09) regarding COVID-19 as compared to SARI. Reduced sense of smell (1.86 - 12.87, OR = 4.89), muscular pain (1.24 - 2.14, OR = 1.63), coughs (1.14 - 1.86, OR = 1.46), and fever (1.14 - 1.83, OR = 1.45) showed to have the highest odds ratios concerning the symptoms. As for background diseases, cardiovascular disease (1.004 - 2.110, OR = 1.455), asthma (OR = 1.603, 1.040 - 2.473), and pulmonary chronic disease (1.456 - 3.854, OR = 2.369) had the highest odds ratios. Conclusions: The present findings showed a statistically significant correlation between age and affliction with COVID-19. Moreover, the most prevalent symptoms of the disease were reduced sense of smell, muscular pain, coughs, and fever, as already mentioned in similar studies. The present research showed that patients with cardiovascular disease, asthma, or chronic pulmonary disease had the highest risk of COVID-19.

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Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Components: Today and Tomorrow

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8020217 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 217 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kalyan K. Dewan ◽

Bodo Linz ◽

Susan E. DeRocco ◽

Eric T. Harvill

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infection ◽

Pertussis Vaccine ◽

Bordetella Pertussis ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Disease Epidemiology ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Before And After ◽

Control Disease

Pertussis is a highly communicable acute respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. Immunity is not lifelong after natural infection or vaccination. Pertussis outbreaks occur cyclically worldwide and effective vaccination strategies are needed to control disease. Whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines became available in the 1940s but have been replaced in many countries with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. This review summarizes disease epidemiology before and after the introduction of wP and aP vaccines, discusses the rationale and clinical implications for antigen inclusion in aP vaccines, and provides an overview of novel vaccine strategies aimed at better combating pertussis in the future.

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