CEO Political Leanings and Store-Level Economic Activity during COVID-19 Crisis: Effects on Shareholder Value and Public Health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Bizjak ◽  
Swaminathan L. Kalpathy ◽  
Vassil T. Mihov ◽  
Jue Ren
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Shareholder Value

scholarly journals Lessons on the Economics of Pandemics from Recent Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sewon Hur ◽  
Michael Jenuwine
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Studies

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a dual public health and economic crisis. Many economic studies in the past few months have explored the relationship between the spread of disease and economic activity, the role for government intervention in the crisis, and the effectiveness of testing and containment policies. This Commentary summarizes the methods and findings of a number of these studies. The economic research conducted to date shows that adequate testing and selective containment measures can be effective in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the absence of adequate testing capabilities, optimal interventions involve social distancing and other lockdown measures.

scholarly journals Changes in socioeconomic mortality inequalities at adult and old ages in Lithuania, 2001–05 to 2011–15

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Vladislava Stankūnienė ◽  
Marė Baublytė
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Mortality Decline ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Relative Mortality ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Overall Mortality

Abstract This article provides evidence about changes in mortality inequalities by education and economic activity status among adults aged 30–64 and older adults aged 65 and over in Lithuania between 2001–05 and 2011–15. The study shows that the overall mortality decline in Lithuania was not homogeneous across socio-economic groups. The inequitable progress resulted in a widening in absolute and relative mortality inequalities among older adults and notable increases in relative mortality inequalities among adults aged 30–64. The total public health burden of mortality inequalities remained very pronounced or even increased further.

scholarly journals Trade integration, environmental degradation, and public health in Chile: assessing the linkages

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Beghin ◽  
Bradley J. Bowland ◽  
Sébastien Dessus ◽  
David Roland-Holst ◽  
Dominique van der Mensbrugghe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Trade Reform ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Negative Effect

We use an empirical simulation model to examine links between trade integration, pollution, and public health in Chile. We synthesize economic, engineering, and health data to elucidate this complex relationship and support more coherent policy. Trade integration scenarios examined include Chile's accession to the NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and unilateral opening to world markets. The latter scenario induces substantial worsening of pollution, partly because it facilitates access to cheaper and dirty energy, and has a significant negative effect on urban morbidity and mortality. Damages caused by rising morbidity and mortality are of similar magnitude and substantial. Emissions of small particulates, SO2, and NO2, have the strongest impact on local mortality and morbidity. These three pollutants appear to be complementary in economic activity. Unilateral trade integration combined with a tax on small particulates brings welfare gains, which are 16 per cent higher than those obtained under unilateral trade reform alone.

scholarly journals Trade-offs between mobility restrictions and transmission of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (175) ◽  
pp. 20200936
Author(s):  
Martijn Gösgens ◽  
Teun Hendriks ◽  
Marko Boon ◽  
Wim Steenbakkers ◽  
Hans Heesterbeek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Heuristic Methods ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Infection Spread

In their response to the COVID-19 outbreak, governments face the dilemma to balance public health and economy. Mobility plays a central role in this dilemma because the movement of people enables both economic activity and virus spread. We use mobility data in the form of counts of travellers between regions, to extend the often-used SEIR models to include mobility between regions. We quantify the trade-off between mobility and infection spread in terms of a single parameter, to be chosen by policy makers, and propose strategies for restricting mobility so that the restrictions are minimal while the infection spread is effectively limited. We consider restrictions where the country is divided into regions, and study scenarios where mobility is allowed within these regions, and disallowed between them. We propose heuristic methods to approximate optimal choices for these regions. We evaluate the obtained restrictions based on our trade-off. The results show that our methods are especially effective when the infections are highly concentrated, e.g. around a few municipalities, as resulting from superspreading events that play an important role in the spread of COVID-19. We demonstrate our method in the example of the Netherlands. The results apply more broadly when mobility data are available.

Swampy Sugar Lands: Irrigation Dams and the Rise and Fall of Malaria in Puerto Rico, 1898–1962

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-271
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Large Dams ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Engineering Projects

AbstractTwo environmental re-engineering projects clashed in south-eastern Puerto Rico in the early twentieth century. Between 1910 and 1914 the Puerto Rican Irrigation Service built three large dams to water canefields owned by US sugar companies. The new canals and holding ponds created ideal breeding grounds for malaria-carrying mosquitoes, and demand for fieldworkers encouraged greater numbers of Puerto Ricans to work and live near these mosquito swarms. Malaria rates soared as a result. Meanwhile, public health officials tried to control malaria, but their efforts faltered, especially when efficient irrigation was prioritised above all else. It was not until the 1940s and 1950s that health officials controlled and then eliminated malaria. In Puerto Rico, malaria rose with the commitment to irrigated canefields and remained tenacious until wartime exigencies inspired greater control efforts, DDT became available and, most importantly, manufacturing eclipsed sugar production as the island's dominant economic activity.

Proposal to Enhance Fund Support for Low-Income Countries Hit by Public Health Disasters

Policy Papers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Debt Service ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Trust Fund ◽  
International Commerce

The Fund’s existing facilities for low-income countries (LICs) provide a vehicle for the speedy provision of financial assistance to member countries hit by natural disasters, either through the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) or through augmentation of the funding already being provided through other facilities such as the Standby or Extended Credit Facilities. The quick disbursement of funds strengthens national financial capacity, including external payments capacity, to tackle relief and recovery challenges. To address catastrophic disasters, the Fund created a mechanism in 2010 to provide additional relief to its poorest and most vulnerable member countries to help meet their exceptional balance of payments needs. Under this mechanism, the Fund can provide grants from a trust fund—the Post Catastrophe Debt Relief (PCDR) trust—that are used to pay off debt service falling due to the Fund. These grants ease pressures on the member’s balance of payments and create financial space by reducing its debt service burden. This paper proposes reforms to this mechanism to cover situations where the member is experiencing an epidemic of an infectious disease that constitutes a significant threat to lives, economic activity, and international commerce across countries.

scholarly journals Varieties of Crises: Comparing the Politics of COVID-19 and Climate Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hamish van der Ven ◽  
Yixian Sun
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
State Responses

The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest public health crisis in recent history. Many states have taken unprecedented action in responding to the pandemic by restricting international and domestic travel, limiting economic activity, and passing massive social welfare bills. This begs the question, why have states taken extreme measures for COVID-19 but not the climate crisis? By comparing state responses to COVID-19 with those to the climate crisis, we identify the crisis characteristics that drive quick and far-reaching reactions to some global crises but not others. We inductively develop a conceptual framework that identifies eight crisis characteristics with observable variation between the COVID-19 and climate crises. This framework draws attention to under-considered areas of variance, such as the perceived differences in the universality of impacts, the legibility of policy responses, and the different sites of expertise for both crises. We use this structured comparison to identify areas of leverage for obtaining quicker and broader climate action.

COVID-19 to compound Nicaragua’s economic woes

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Civil Unrest ◽  
The Public ◽  
Capital Outflows ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Revenues

Subject Economic troubles. Significance Nicaragua’s economic activity has contracted sharply since the outbreak of civil unrest in 2018. Social tensions, political gridlock and business uncertainty have weighed heavily on investment and consumption, driving unemployment and capital outflows. A severe tightening of available financing due to sanctions and plummeting public revenues has forced the government to cut spending, exacerbating the downturn. Nicaragua so far appears to have avoided the worst of the global COVID-19 pandemic, with only a handful of confirmed cases to date. However, an alarming lack of preventative action increases contagion risks both nationally and regionally and will threaten economic activity in the medium term. Impacts Government inaction on COVID-19 will exacerbate the public-health impact, potentially resulting in a substantial death toll. Washington will not ease sanctions in light of COVID-19 and may instead redouble efforts to force governmental change. The exchange rate will continue to weaken, posing a threat to the dollarised economy.

scholarly journals Inclusive Costs of NPI Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic: Three Approaches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ugarov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Value Of Statistical Life ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Aggressive Approach ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lost Productivity

AbstractThe paper evaluates total inclusive costs of three public health approaches to address the COVID-19 epidemic in the US based on epidemiological projections in Ferguson et al (2020). We calculate and add costs of lost productivity and costs of mortality measured through the value of statistical life. We find that the aggressive approach which involves strict suppression measures and a drastic reduction of economic activity for three months with extensive testing and case tracking afterwards results in the lowest total costs for the society. The approach of doing no non-pharmaceutical measures results in the lowest total costs if the infection fatality rate falls below 0.15%.

scholarly journals Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Deep Recession

Germany managed the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic relatively well thanks to an early and vigorous public health response. Nonetheless, unprecedented disruptions to economic and social activity caused a deep recession in the first half of 2020. The gradual easing of containment measures since late-April has led to a partial revival of growth, but in late-October a “lockdown light” was announced to counter a new wave of infections, and restrictions were further tightened in mid-December. Significant risks remain about the pace and extent of the recovery as the uncertain course of the epidemic continues to impact economic activity.

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