scholarly journals Lessons on the Economics of Pandemics from Recent Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sewon Hur ◽  
Michael Jenuwine
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Studies

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a dual public health and economic crisis. Many economic studies in the past few months have explored the relationship between the spread of disease and economic activity, the role for government intervention in the crisis, and the effectiveness of testing and containment policies. This Commentary summarizes the methods and findings of a number of these studies. The economic research conducted to date shows that adequate testing and selective containment measures can be effective in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the absence of adequate testing capabilities, optimal interventions involve social distancing and other lockdown measures.

Shared values, shared health, shared prosperity

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Davies and
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter looks at the relationship between commerce and health, some of the choices involved, and the impacts they have on total health. Public health specialists and policymakers have only recently begun to explore the complex relationship between commerce and health, what it has been in the past, what it is now, and importantly what it could look like as we re-build society post COVID-19. The role that work and employers play in our individual, family, and collective health, security, and prosperity has developed over time, and the dependence of companies on the health of their workforce, and their vulnerability when employees are ill, has changed too. The private sector can contribute to health in its immediate community, and nationally through the products it promotes, the working conditions for its employees, and the causes it supports.

Situating ‘careful surveillance’

2021 ◽  
pp. 136787792199745
Author(s):  
Mark Andrejevic ◽  
Hugh Davies ◽  
Ruth DeSouza ◽  
Larissa Hjorth ◽  
Ingrid Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In this article we explore preliminary findings from the study COVIDSafe and Beyond: Perceptions and Practices conducted in Australia in 2020. The study involved a survey followed by interviews, and aimed to capture the dynamic ways in which members of the Australian public perceive the impact of Covid practices – especially public health measures like the introduction of physical and social distancing, compulsory mask wearing, and contact tracing. In the rescripting of public space, different notions of formal and informal surveillance, along with different textures of mediated and social care, appeared. In this article, we explore perceptions around divergent forms of surveillance across social, technological, governmental modes, and the relationship of surveillance to care in our media and cultural practices. What does it mean to care for self and others during a pandemic? How does care get enacted in, and through, media interfaces and public interaction?

scholarly journals Back to the future: the changing frontiers of nutrition research and its relationship to policy

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Emerging Nations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
The Future ◽  
Nutritional Transition ◽  
The Relationship

Seventy years have elapsed since the Nutrition Society was founded and John Boyd Orr became its first Chairman. Over the intervening period, nutrition research has embraced and responded to a wide variety of challenges as the requirements of research have evolved and changed. This paper reflects on some of the major challenges that have influenced nutrition research over the past 70 years and considers where nutrition stands today along with the challenges for the future. In the past, these challenges have included food security and improvements in animal nutrition to enhance production through problems of overnutrition, such as CVD and obesity, as well as the recognition of the importance of early-life nutrition. The challenges for the future include how to translate the increasingly comprehensive and complex understanding of the relationship between nutrition and health, being gained as a result of the genomic revolution, into simple and accessible policy advice. It also includes how we learn more about the ways in which diet can help in the prevention of obesity as well as the ways in which we prevent the rise in complex diseases in emerging nations as they undergo nutritional transition. From this, it is clear that nutrition research has moved a long way from its initial focus on nutritional deficiencies to a subject, which is at the heart of public health consideration. This evolution of nutrition research means that today diet and health are high on the political agenda and that nutrition remains a priority area for research. It has been 70 years since 1941 when the Nutrition Society was established, under its first Chairman, John Boyd Orr. At that time there were many who believed that nutrition research had reached its peak and there was little left to discover. This view stemmed from the fact that most vitamins and minerals had been discovered and that the syndromes associated with nutritional deficiencies in these were largely known. Despite this gloomy prognosis, the intervening 70 years have witnessed a remarkable evolution in nutrition research, which has underpinned key Government policies, ranging from food security right through to public health. This review considers some major developments that have helped to shape nutrition research over the past 70 years and in so doing have changed its frontiers.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC CRISES AND HEALTH

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRSTY WALKER
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
History Of Public Health ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTDuring periods of recession, both historians and policy-makers have tended to revisit the multi-faceted relationship between health and economic crisis. It seems likely that the current economic downturn will trigger a new revival of efforts to gauge its implications for people's health around the world. This review will reflect on aspects of the relationship between health and economic crisis, exploring some of the unanswered questions within the historiography of the Great Depression and health, and suggest new directions that this work might take. Within a broadly transnational framework, I will reassess the diverse historiographies of interwar public health, in order to highlight ways in which the methodologies used could inspire future studies for neglected areas within this field, such as Southeast Asia. In doing so, I will illustrate that the effects of the interwar economic fluctuations on health status remain imprecise and difficult to define, but marked a transitional moment in the history of public health.

scholarly journals Linkage between tourism and sustainable development in urban areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-186
Author(s):  
Marinela Krstinić Nižić ◽  
Maša Trinajstić ◽  
Zvonimira Šverko Grdić
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Urban Tourism ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: Over the last decades, tourism has experienced continued growth, and its impact on economic activity can be observed through its effects on the balance of payments and the labour market, as well as connections with other economic activities. According to the ITB report (2016), urban tourism recorded the largest increase, noting that tourist arrivals in urban areas increased by 58% in the past five years. This was due to growing urbanization, better road accessibility and air connectivity between cities, shorter stays and an increasing number of trips per year. In recent years, the number of tourist arrivals in urban areas has also increased in Croatia. In 2018, over 12 million arrivals were recorded, which represents 64% of the total tourist arrivals for that year. Methodology: The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between tourism (tourism indicators) and sustainable development (investment in sustainable development) in cities in Croatia. The survey covered all 128 cities. The data analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney test and regression analysis. Results: The results show that there is a correlation between tourism and sustainable development in the analysed cities. Cities with thriving tourism pay more attention to sustainable development. Conclusion: It is necessary to continuously increase the levels of knowledge and understanding of tourism in accordance with the principles of sustainable development.

Bureaucrats, Businessmen and Bananas: The Colonial Office and Shipping Services in the West Indies, 1895-1925

1992 ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Robert G. Greenhill
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
The West ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Colonial Office

The interplay between the Colonial Office and British businessmen around the turn of the last century forms the background of this essay. Although the subject has been well-documented in a number of scholarly books and articles, we still lack an unambiguous definition of the relationship. Wide interpretations are still possible on the limits and the extent of the influence exercised by both officials and entrepreneurs. On the one hand, it is argued that the Colonial Office “had an instinctive dislike of government intervention in economic activity.”...

The Perils of Panic

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 223-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Sinha ◽  
Wendy E. Parmet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Deadly Disease ◽  
The Relationship

This Article explores the connections between emerging infectious diseases, domestic disease panics, global health, and the law by comparing the American response to Ebola to the initial American response to the AIDS epidemic. We demonstrate that in both cases the arrival of a new deadly disease was initially met with fear, stigma and the use of law to “other” those associated with the disease. We begin by reviewing the initial responses to the AIDS epidemic. We then offer a brief history of emerging infectious disease scares over the past few decades, highlighting the problematic rhetoric that paved the way for the Ebola panic. We then review the 2014 Ebola outbreak, noting its similarities and distinctions from the early AIDS epidemic. Finally, we examine United States policies regarding HIV and Ebola in Africa. We conclude with some tentative observations about the relationship between germ panics, law, and public health.

scholarly journals Money and inflation in Switzerland

2022 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kugler ◽  
Samuel Reynard
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Monetary Aggregates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Exchange Rate Fluctuations ◽  
Policy Transmission ◽  
Secular Decline ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper characterizes the relationship between monetary aggregates, inflation and economic activity in Switzerland since the mid-1970s. Traditional forms of money demand and quantity theory relationships have remained stable over the whole period. Broad money excesses over trend values, accounting for a secular decline in interest rates and thus in trend velocity, have been followed by persistently higher inflation and output with the usual monetary policy transmission lags. Money and exchange rate fluctuations can explain the major inflation developments in Switzerland over the past four decades.

scholarly journals Evolution of disease transmission rate during the course of SARS-COV-2: Patterns and determinants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Blanca Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Future Policy

Abstract BackgroundThis has been the first time in recent history when extreme measures that have deep and wide impact on our economic and social systems, such as lock downs and border closings, have been adopted at a global scale. These measures have been taken in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020. Epidemic models are being used by governments across the world to inform social distancing and other public health strategies to reduce the spread of the virus. These models, which vary widely in their complexity, simulate interventions by manipulating model parameters that control social mixing, healthcare provision and other behavioral and environmental processes of disease transmission and recovery. The validity of these parameters is challenged by the uncertainty of the impact on disease transmission from socio-economic factors and public health interventions. Although sensitivity of the models to small variations in parameters are often carried out, the forecasting accuracy of these models is rarely investigated during an outbreak.MethodsWe fitted a stochastic transmission model on reported cases, recoveries and deaths associated with the infection of SARS-CoV-2 across 101 countries that had adopted at least one social-distancing policy by 15 May 2020. The dynamics of disease transmission was represented in terms of the daily effective reproduction number (Rt). Countries were grouped according to their initial temporal Rt patterns using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. We then computed the time lagged cross correlation among the daily number of policies implemented (policy volume), the daily effective reproduction number, and the daily incidence counts for each country. Finally, we provided forecasts of incidence counts up to 30-days from the time of prediction for each country repeated over 230 daily rolling windows from 15 May to 31 Dec 2020. The forecasting accuracy of the model when Rt is updated every time a new prediction is made was compared with the accuracy using a static Rt.FindingsWe identified 5 groups of countries with distinct transmission patterns during the first 6 months of the pandemic. Early adoption of social distancing measures and a shorter gap between any two interventions were associated with a reduction on the duration of outbreaks (with correlation coefficients of -0.26 and 0.24 respectively). Sustained social distancing appeared to play a role in the prevention of the second transmission peak. By 15 May 2020, the average of the median Rt across examined countries had reduced from its peak of 20.5 (17.79, 23.20) to 1.3 (0.94, 1.74).The time lagged cross correlation analysis revealed that increased policy volume was associated with lower future Rt (the negative correlation was minimized when Rt lagged the policy volume by 75 days), while a lower Rt was associated with lower future policy volume (the positive correlation was maximized when Rt led by 102 days). Rt led the daily incidence counts by 78 days, with lower incidence counts being associated with lower future policy volume (the positive correlation was maximized when counts led the volume by 135 days). On the other hand, higher policy volume was not associated with lower incidence counts within a lag of up to 180 days.The outbreak prediction accuracy of the stochastic transmission model using dynamically updated Rt produced an average AUROC of 0.72 (0.708, 0.723) compared to 0.56 (0.555, 0.568) when Rt was kept constant. Prediction accuracy declined with forecasting time.InterpretationUnderstanding the evolution of the daily effective reproduction number during an epidemic is an important complementary piece of information to reported daily counts, recoveries and deaths. This is because Rt provides an early signal of the efficacy of containment measures. Using updated Rt values produces significantly better predictions of future outbreaks. Our results found a substantial variation in the effect of early public health interventions on the evolution of Rt over time and across countries, which could not be explained solely by the timing and number of the adopted interventions. This suggests that further knowledge about the idiosyncrasy of the implementation and effectiveness thereof is required. Although sustained containment measures have successfully lowered growth rate of disease transmission, more than half of the studied countries failed to maintain an effective reproduction number close to or below 1. This resulted in continued growth in reported cases.

scholarly journals Comportamento Climático e a Propagação de Vetores na Área do Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão – Goiás/Brasil (Climate Behaviour and Propagation Vectors in the Area of Sierra Facao Hydrolectric - Goias in Brazil)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Paulo Cezar Mendes ◽  
Suélem Marques De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Development ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Relationship

O presente estudo é desenvolvido no Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão e, dentre as medidas recomendadas para o controle e/ou erradicação das doenças infecciosas, realiza-se a vigilância entomológica que é uma ferramenta importante para a prevenção de doenças em saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a relação entre a ocorrência das chuvas e a presença de vetores das doenças em estudo, durante 12 meses de análise. A Usina fica a aproximadamente 58 quilômetros de distância da área urbana da cidade de Catalão. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa foi o monitoramento de insetos vetores com capturas mensais em seis locais de exposição das armadilhas denominados “pontos”, localizados ao longo da área de influência da SEFAC (Usina Hidrelétrica Serra do Facão). Após 12 meses de capturas, passado todas as estações do ano, tem-se observado que os pontos 2 e 4, em dias úmidos ou secos, são os que apresentam maiores índices de captura, enquanto na outra extremidade estão os pontos 1 e 5, que não importando a estação, apresentam sempre número reduzido de exemplares capturados. O gênero do Flebótomos continua sendo o mais numeroso em termo de captura, com destaque para o ponto 4 com mais de 56% do total de mosquitos apreendidos. Todavia, espera-se mesmo com o enchimento do lago entender até que ponto, o comportamento pluviométrico e empreendimento influenciará na população e na dispersão desses mosquitos. Palavras- Chave: Chuva; Vetores, Hidrelétrica  Climate Behaviour and Propagation Vectors in the Area of Sierra Facao Hydrolectric - Goias in Brazil  ABSTRACT This study is developed in Hydroelectric Sierra Facão and among the measures recommended for the control or eradication of infectious diseases carried out entomological surveillance is an important tool for disease prevention in public health. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between the occurrence of rainfall and the presence of vectors of the diseases studied during 12 months of analysis. The plant is located about 58 km away from the urban area of Catalan. The methodology used for the development of this research was the monitoring of monthly catches insects with six locations in the exposure of traps called ";;;points";;;, located along the area of influence SEFAC (Hydroelectric Sierra Facão). After 12 months of catch, all the past seasons, has been observed that the points 2 and 4 days in moist or dry are those who have higher rates of capture, while at the other end points are 1 and 5, that no matter the season, few have ever captured. The gender of Phlebotomus remains the most numerous in terms of capture, especially point 4 with more than 56% of the total mosquitoes caught. However, it is expected that with the filling of the lake to understand to what extent the behavior of rainfall and new development will influence the population and the dispersal of mosquitoes.  Keywords: Rain; Vectors, Hydroelectric

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