Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx: Competing Ideologies and Their Lasting Effect on Global Economics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyemi Oluwole Opeoluwa
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Lasting Effect ◽  
Global Economics

Geschichte des modernen ökonomischen Denkens

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Friedrich List ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Milton Friedman ◽  
David Ricardo

Realökonomische Probleme haben zu allen Zeiten die Theorien der Ökonomie und ihrer großen Denker beeinflusst. Wichtige Themen der Ökonomie sind das gesamtwirtschaftliche Wachstum, Verteilungsprobleme, individuelle Nutzenmaximierung, Keynesianismus, Monetarismus – und ganz neue Ansätze wie Evolutorik, Spieltheorie oder Verhaltensökonomie, die ihr Potenzial noch beweisen müssen. Sie verbinden sich in der Moderne mit Namen von Ökonomen wie Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Friedrich List, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes oder Milton Friedman. Oder die Betrachtung der Ökonomie verdichtet sich in Stichworten wie Marginalanalyse, Historische Schule, Neoklassik, Institutionalismus, Neue-Institutionenökonomik und Monetarismus – neuerdings auch Evolutorik, Verhaltensökonomik oder Spieltheorie. Für alle, die zur Ökonomie gründlich aufbereitetes und grundlegendes Überblickswissen mit Prüfungsrelevanz suchen.

scholarly journals Liberdade, liberalismo e intervenção do estado: perspectivas teóricas de autores modernos

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-380
Author(s):  
Sávia Lorena Barreto Carvalho De Sousa
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Jurgen Habermas ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
Friedrich Hayek

Este ensaio teórico de base analítica visa entender criticamente aspectos do liberalismo e da intervenção do Estado. Com o objetivo central de resgatar questões trabalhadas por autores modernos da Ciência Política a respeito das formas que uma sociedade pode ser mais justa e combater as desigualdades no mundo, o questionamento principal se desdobra em reflexões sobre como conciliar a liberdade com a atuação dos mercados e a respeito dos limites da democracia neste contexto, discutidos em uma problematização de pensadores como Adam Smith, Alex de Tocqueville, Stuart Mill, Max Weber e Karl Marx em diálogo com teóricos mais contemporâneos, como Friedrich Hayek, John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas e Anthony Giddens. Conclui-se a urgência de um processo de fortalecimento dos Parlamentos, com políticas públicas de inclusão social que permitam uma sociedade mais igualitária e uma educação que abra portas para formar um cidadão crítico, que compreenda as diferenças dentro do campo do respeito ao Outro e às liberdades de escolha. A proposta de contínuo aprimoramento das instituições e juízos através de sistemas de consultas, reformas e revisões jurídicas e políticas, é cada vez mais necessária em um mundo de constantes mudanças.

scholarly journals Análisis y consecuencias del modelo económico liberal en Guatemala

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Martínez Cuestas
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Modelo Económico

La presente investigación se desarrolla mediante la utilización de materiales de información documental, que permitieron realizar un análisis del liberalismo económico en Guatemala, partiendo de los principales exponentes y críticos sociales como: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer y otros contemporáneos; generando una línea del tiempo de 60 años, hasta lograr finalizar en el modelo liberal actual; así como los resultados obtenidos a raíz del modelo económico liberal en el país, posteriormente como resultado de los acuerdos de paz firmados en el año 1996, dando inicio a una nueva democracia. Además, se presentan los enfoques del liberalismo internacional y la discusión de sus principales características económicas. En este contexto, el problema de investigación se centra en resolver algunos vacíos del conocimiento que permita comprender las estructuras sociales modernas, lo cual conlleva a preguntar ¿Cuál es la situación actual de los procesos históricos del liberalismo en Guatemala? Los indicadores sociales y económicos de Guatemala que describen la evolución del liberalismo en el país, permiten generar un estudio comparativo y la propuesta de un proyecto estratégico nacional. Al finalizar se concluye que el modelo liberal es un fenómeno sustancial que presenta una crisis económica social, debido a la mala utilización de sus preceptos fundamentales, la desigualdad, inequidades económicas, sociales y políticas, presentando una economía tradicional que ignora y empobrece a los individuos de manera material, mental y psíquico; que a pesar de genera extraordinarias ganancias, produce condiciones salariales bajas, con privilegios fiscales particulares y daños al ambiente.

Technology, Inventing, and Patenting

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic World ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Atlantic Seaboard ◽  
The Impact

The classic narrative of technology, invention, and patenting in the Atlantic world before 1850 focused on the industrialization of the Atlantic seaboard in Britain and the United States, with the adoption of mechanized cotton and wool textile production based on water power and then steam power, and on the development of related heavy industries. Other parts of the region appeared mainly as suppliers of raw materials, such as cotton from the American South, or as markets for the products of mechanized manufacture. While still a powerful narrative, most recent scholarship has reassessed or nuanced key elements, moving away from the traditional story of “heroic” inventors and toward more complex stories of supply and demand, including the capacity of economies and societies in the Atlantic world to supply the technical, commercial, and financial skills needed for invention and innovation, and the changing patterns of consumption and retail that created demand. Attention has also focused on innovation in other sectors, including armament production, transportation and public utilities, and the impact that innovation had upon the lives of those involved in it. Equally important has been a wider regional focus that now includes the southern territories of the Americas as important sites for innovation. Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx dismissed these areas of plantation agriculture as inefficient and irrelevant, a dead end compared to the centers of commerce and industry. Recent work has revised this by demonstrating the quasi-industrial processes required to process sugar, cotton, tobacco, indigo, and other tropical commodities; the scope for technological improvement; and the vast profits that enabled planters to invest in this technology. Leading plantation colonies such as Jamaica in the 18th century and Cuba in the early 19th century were among the first adopters of the steam engine outside Europe, where it had an equally transformative social and economic impact.

Measuring Global Poverty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatakshee Dhongde
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals

Economists have long been preoccupied with trying to understand the nature and causes of poverty. From Adam Smith to David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill, a common belief among economists is that the benefits of economic growth are rarely experienced by the poorer sections of society. An important issue is how to measure global poverty accurately. International organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank have endeavored to measure global poverty since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), stated in the UN’s Millennium Declaration which was adopted in 2000 by 189 nations. However, measuring global poverty is far from simple. Estimates of poverty and particularly of global poverty are very sensitive to the underlying assumptions, such as the notion of poverty itself, the choice of welfare indicator, the unit of measurement used, and purchasing power parity rates. One of the significant advances in global poverty studies was the World Bank’s introduction of a poverty line in the 1990 World Development Report (WDR). Despite these efforts, the precise number of poor in the world remains ambiguous. Nevertheless, emerging frontiers in poverty analysis indicate new interest in measuring poverty more broadly. Some ideas that may dominate the future of poverty research include multidimensional poverty, vulnerability to poverty, and chronic poverty.

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