Child Poverty and Children Entering Care: A Natural Experiment Using Longitudinal Area-Level Data in England, 2015-2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davara L. Bennett ◽  
Daniela K. Schlüter ◽  
Gabriella Melis ◽  
Paul Bywaters ◽  
Ben Barr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Level Data

Home Equity Lending and Retail Spending: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Texas

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadi S Abdallah ◽  
William D Lastrapes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Credit Constraints ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Home Equity ◽  
Credit Constraint ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Credit Availability ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Home Equity Loans

We estimate how spending in Texas responded to a 1997 constitutional amendment that relaxed severe restrictions on home equity lending. We use this event as a natural experiment to estimate the importance of credit constraints. If households are credit-constrained, such an increase in credit availability will increase their spending. We find that Texas retail sales at the county and state levels increased significantly after the amendment, lending support to the credit-constraint hypothesis. We confirm these findings and refine our interpretation of the estimated aggregate-level responses using household-level data on home equity loans. (JEL D14, E21, G21, G28)

The effect of the National Birth Defects Intervention Project on the prevention of congenital disabilities among children in China: a natural experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (7) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
Chao Guo ◽  
Xiaoying Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Congenital Disability

AbstractMost childhood disabilities are caused by congenital factors such as birth defects. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of periconceptional nutrition intervention on the prevention of congenital disability among Chinese children using the National Birth Defects Intervention Project as a natural experiment. We obtained individual-level data from the Second National Sample Survey on Disability, a nationally representative survey, and 110 365 children born between September 1999 and August 2003 were included for analysis. Difference-in-differences estimates of the project effects on congenital disability were captured by exploiting temporal variation in the timing of project exposure across four birth cohorts along with geographical variation in project category at the province level. The findings contribute to an emerging body of evidence showing that prenatal micronutrient intervention before and during early pregnancy could substantially reduce the risk of congenital disability in childhood (OR 0·73; 95 % CI 0·57, 0·94). The National Birth Defects Intervention Project improved the awareness of reproductive health and disability prevention in the population. It highlights the need for a potential policy change focusing on early-life health investment in China.

Environmental standards, trade and innovation: evidence from a natural experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-446
Author(s):  
Pavel Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Technical Regulation ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Level Data

AbstractExploiting a natural experiment involving the imposition of a technical regulation by Germany on Indian leather and textile industries in 1994, a firm-level data set is used to study the trade, adaptation and discontinuity effects and how they vary by firm size. It is found that: (a) regulation significantly increases the export revenues of a firm through use of new technology and high-quality imported raw materials – indicating a possible signalling effect; (b) this gain is concentrated only on the upper half of the firm size distribution, i.e., in the 3rd and 4th quartiles; (c) use of imported raw materials significantly explains low exit probabilities of a firm; and (d) there is evidence of a sorting effect – regulation significantly affecting the operation of small firms.

scholarly journals Examining if changes in gender-specific and co-ed intramural programs affect youth physical activity over time: a natural experiment evaluation using school- and student-level data from the COMPASS study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen E. Burns ◽  
Ashok Chaurasia ◽  
Valerie Carson ◽  
Scott T. Leatherdale
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
School Level ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Despite the benefits of physical activity (PA), the majority of Canadian youth are falling short of the recommended 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day. School-based physical activity programs such as intramurals, are important opportunities for youth to be physically active. There is limited evidence available on the impact of gender-specific (e.g., female-only, male-only) and co-ed intramurals on youth PA over time, however, evidence suggests female-only intramurals may be important for female MVPA. This research aims to capitalize on a natural experiment to generate practice-based evidence on the impact of changes in gender-specific and co-ed intramurals on youth MVPA over time. Methods This study used linked longitudinal school- and student-level data from Ontario secondary schools in year 5 (Y5:2016–2017), year 6 (Y6: 2017–2018) and year 7 (Y7: 2018–2019) of the COMPASS study. Data on intramurals from 55 schools were used to determine the changes to gender-specific and co-ed intramurals that occurred from Y5 to Y6. Baseline demographic characteristics were measured and data on PA and sport participation were collected in Y5, Y6 and Y7 on a sample of 4417 students. Hierarchical linear mixed regression models were used to estimate how changes in gender-specific and co-ed intramurals were associated with youth MVPA over time. Results Participation in intramural, varsity and community sport were all positively and significantly associated with youth MVPA. Changes in gender-specific and co-ed intramurals were not significantly associated with youth MVPA in Y6 or Y7. However, the positive association between maintaining the addition of gender-specific intramurals on female MVPA in Y7 was on par with the significance level of α = 0.05, suggesting that adding gender-specific intramurals may be important for female MVPA. Conclusions Adding gender-specific and co-ed intramurals may not be sufficient strategies to increase PA among youth. Further research should explore the effect of gender-specific intramurals on youth PA, as this study may have been underpowered at the school-level. Gender-specific intramurals may promote a supportive PA environment that promotes MVPA, especially among females. These intramurals may be an important component of more comprehensive strategies to increase youth MVPA.

Effects of environmental policy on consumption: lessons from the Chinese plastic bag regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoran He
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plastic Bag

AbstractTo reduce plastic bag litter, China introduced a nationwide regulation requiring all retailers to charge for plastic shopping bags on 1 June 2008. By using the policy implementation as a natural experiment and collecting individual-level data before and after the implementation, we investigate the impacts of the regulation on consumers’ bag use. We find that the regulation implementation caused a 49 per cent reduction in the use of new bags. Besides regulation enforcement, consumers’ attitude toward the regulation and some consumers’ socioeconomic characteristics also affected bag consumption. However, the regulation effects differ largely among consumer groups and among regions and shopping occasions.

scholarly journals The Economic Impact of Shale Gas Development: A Natural Experiment along the New York / Pennsylvania Border

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan M. Cosgrove ◽  
Daniel R. LaFave ◽  
Sahan T. M. Dissanayake ◽  
Michael R. Donihue
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
Zip Code

We investigate local economic impacts of shale gas development using the natural experiment of the discontinuity in regulation caused by New York's 2008 moratorium on fracking. Using county- and zip-code-level data for 2001–2013 to examine differences in New York and Pennsylvania counties before and after the moratorium, we find that shale gas development has a positive local impact on employment and wages in the natural resource, mining, and construction sectors and an offsetting reduction in employment in the manufacturing sector. Overall, we find no statistically significant local effects on total employment or on wages.

农业企业对农民收入的增益效应——来自于福建漳 浦农业企业集群的“自然实验”

Rural China ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-155
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Fujian Province ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Special Zone

We use the agricultural firms of the “Special Zone for Enterprises of Taiwan Farmers” in Zhangpu county in Fujian province as our “natural experiment” for studying the effect on peasant incomes of outsider-controlled capital investments in agriculture. This article uses township level data for the years 2000 to 2010, using a “cross-sectional measuring model” to examine the effects of outside capital in agriculture on peasant incomes. Our finding is that outside capital have not raised local peasant incomes. This is because control of the capital has been in the hands of the outsiders, resulting in control of labor by capital. And, because of the differences in the nature of agricultural as opposed to commercial-industrial production and management, there has been little benefit in incomes for agricultural labor. This article is in Chinese. 我们以漳浦的农业企业集群“台湾农民创业园”作为一次由外来者掌握控制权的资本进入农业部门而对在地农民收入形成影响的“自然实验”。本文运用2000年到 2010 年漳浦县乡镇一级的数据，利用面板计量模型来检验外来资本进入农业部门对当地农民的收入水平的效应，结果发现，外来资本的进入并没有促进当地农民的增收。这是因为资本的控制权掌握在外来者手中，导致了资本支配劳动。而且，由于农业与工商业在生产经营方面的不同特性，使得农业劳动者从中收益甚少。

Combating Child Poverty? A Multilevel Assessment of Family Policy Institutions and Child Poverty in 21 Old and New Welfare States

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLOF BÄCKMAN ◽  
TOMMY FERRARINI
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractThis study analyses the links between family policy institutions and poverty in households with pre-school children in 21 old and new welfare democracies. New institutional information which enables a separation of different family policy dimensions is combined with micro data from the Luxembourg Income Study. Through statistical multilevel modelling, individual- and country-level data are combined in a simultaneous analysis of their relationships to child poverty risks. The results show that family policy transfers are related to lower child poverty risks at the micro level. However, the mechanisms by which such transfers reduce poverty vary by type of family support. Support to dual-earner families operates by enabling both parents to work and raise market income, while support to more traditional family structures in some instances has a more direct effect on poverty risks. The analysis also renders support to the hypothesis that dual-earner transfers also alleviate poverty most effectively among single-mother households.

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