scholarly journals PROBLEMA MANAJEMEN BIROKRASI PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
David Widihandojo

ABSTRAK Salah satu tujuan yang ingin dicapai melalui program dan proyek-proyek pembangunan pemerintah adalah tumbuhnya partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam proses perencanaan dan penerapan proyek-proyek pembangunan. Gagasan ini didasarkan pada konsep bahwa melalui proses partisipasi, masyarakat akan memahami nilai, tujuan dan manfaat proyek-proyek pembangunan tersebut bagi dirinya sehingga pada saat proyek diterapkan akan mentransformasi kehidupan masyarakat menuju kesebuah kehidupan yang lebih maju dan mapan. Dengan demikian, proyek pembangunan tersebut memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi kemajuan masyarakat tersebut. Namun realitas di lapangan jauh berbeda masyarakat cenderung pasif dan tidak terlibat dalam proyek pembangunan. Pada umumnya para perencana dan pelaksana pembangunan melihat bahwa penyebab dari kepasifan ini terletak di dalam masyarakat itu sendiri yaitu pada nilai, budaya, tingkat pendidikan. Terkait dengan masalah kepasifan masyarakat ini, Penulis mengajukan argumen bahwa tatanan manajemen birokrasi proyek pembangunan itu sendiri adalah salah satu penghambat per- tumbuhan partisipasi masyarakat. Sistem pengawasan yang ketat, keterikatan irama kerja pada periode anggaran serta kontradiksi-kontradiksi dalam proses pengambilan keputusan antara pucuk pimpinan dengan para pelaksana di lapangan. Seluruh faktor-faktor ini membuat birokrasi proyek pembangunan menjadi tidak sensitif pada pertumbuhan aspirasi masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi. Untuk mengatasi problema manajemen ini perlu dibangun sebuah mekanisme informasi di luar birokrasi dan dalam hal ini Model Tindak Manusia (Human Action Model) seperti yang telah diujicobakan oleh PSLH-ITB di Ciamis dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif untuk diterapkan dalam implementasi proyek-proyek pembangunan sehingga dapat menjembatani kelemahan manajemen birokrasi pembangunan tersebut. ABSTRACT One of the objectives to be achieved through development programs and projects is the growth of community participation in the planning and the implementation process of development projects, which is based upon the ideas that through participation the communities would accept the ideals and understand the benefit of the project. Thus in turn, the project will be supported and transform the communities towards a more develop one. However, the reality is far different, people tend to be passive and not involved in the development process; hence, the development planners and managers see the cause of the passivity lies in the community itself, whether it's cultural values, education level, etc. The author argues one of the causes of the lack of participation of the community lies in the bureaucratic structure of the project management itself. Strict monitoring system, the attachment of working rhythms to the budget period of time and the existence of two levels of decision making between the chief executive and the project managers. These factors make the bureaucracy of the development project insensitive to the growing aspirations of the community to participate. In the closing part, the author proposes the Human Action Model as has been tested by PSLH-ITB in Ciamis as an alternative to be applied in the implementation of development projects to bridge the weaknesses of the development project management.

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom McBride ◽  
Brian Henderson‐Sellers ◽  
Didar Zowghi

PurposeThe paper seeks to investigate whether project managers regard software development projects as design problems or production problems.Design/methodology/approachProject management literature was examined to determine what evidence there should be to indicate whether a software development project was regarded as a problem to be solved or a product to be produced. Data were then collected through structured interview of project managers currently engaged in managing software development projects. The data were analysed to determine how project managers regarded their projects and whether this matched a theoretical expectation.FindingsThe empirical data indicated that most project managers regard their projects as production problems, where it is assumed that the underlying problem is largely understood, the project encapsulated in a planned schedule of activities and there will be an emphasis on monitoring the project against the planned progress.Research limitations/implicationsOwing to the small sample size of fewer than 30 project managers, external validity is weak. More research is needed to confirm these results over a larger sample and to probe more subtle orientation to production or design projects.Practical implicationsThe research developed a simple test to indicate the degree of novelty of the application to be developed. The test indicates whether the application is novel and should be treated as a design problem, or well known and therefore should be treated as a production problem.Originality/valueThe paper draws attention to the need for project managers to evaluate the type of application to be developed and to adopt an appropriate project management approach. The paper also provides a simple test to achieve that objective.


1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Carlos Perez

Since the seventies, project managers have tried to incorporate farmers as active participants in projects. These efforts have been only partially successful. Typically, farmers' resources have been used, farmers have been interviewed, but farmers have not had a decisive role in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the projects. In this paper, I will attempt to address the issue of farmer participation in large-scale development programs initiated by nongovernmental organizations. Large-scale programs are defined here as those that can benefit over one thousand households. In particular, I seek to define the extent to which farmers can actively and conclusively participate in the design and implementation of development projects. I differentiate several forms of participation that can be basically placed into two groups: 1) those that inform, consult, and mobilize farmers in ways that facilitate the work of the implementing agency, and 2) those that promote the development of the analytical and problem-development skills of farmers through their active participation in project decision-making. I will point out that there is an apparent inherent contradiction between the way in which development projects are generally planned and implemented, and the active participation of beneficiaries in the definition of the project. I will show that this contradiction can be overcome. Grounding the discussion on the experience of some of CARE's Agricultural and Natural Resource projects (ANR), I will describe some project features that seem to be more conducive to facilitating the definition and implementation of project goals and activities jointly between project beneficiaries and agency staff. I will ground the discussion on the experience of some of the Agricultural and Natural Resource projects of CARE International (CARE stands for Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) to describe some project features that seem to be more conducive to facilitating the definition and implementation of project goals and activities jointly between project beneficiaries and agency staff.


2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Harland ◽  
Haluk Yörür

Introducing "product platforms" in companies to achieve competitive advantages, like decreased costs and increased product variety, is a widely recognized strategy in research and industry. Nevertheless, there are certain challenges involved in developing product platforms. In order to address this complexity, we focus on the decision-making perspective of platform development in this paper. Based on a systematic literature review, we identify the decisions in product platform development projects (PPDP) and categorize them. We identified 21 decisions that are made within PPDP, which represent a greater scope of decisions than presented in the literature sources reviewed. The plausibility of these platform project decisions is illustrated with a case study of a perennial platform development project within the automotive supply industry. While most of the literature sources only mention very few decisions, the case study shows the complexity and high number of decisions required for an actual PPDP. In addition, it also recognizes all of the prior reviews of the decisions identified. Unlike in the literature, the decisions in the case study were made over a certain period of time. Therefore, we propose that the dynamics of the decision-making process in PPDP have to be taken into account. The set of PPDP decisions identified will help project managers to structure future PPDPs better and support researchers in building related product platform models.


Author(s):  
Jorunn Marie Dale ◽  
Mohammed Dulaimi

Purpose This research aim is to investigate the impact of cultural competence on the ability of project managers to lead international development projects successfully. Design/methodology/approach An empirical qualitative research was applied and a case study approach was chosen. In this case, the researcher followed an international project manager amongst the Maasai people in Kenya for six weeks. In addition to field observations, this study conducted 12 in-debt interviews and arranged several informal focus groups to discuss observed issues cross culturally. Findings Findings indicate that the cultural competence supports a process that might increase the awareness and knowledge of contextual factors that can improve the project managers’ ability to establish relationships, communicate and approach challenges and opportunities more effectively. Originality/value There is very little research on the issue of multi-culturalism in the non-government development project environment. The outcome of this research is expected to stimulate further interest in the subject and encourage far-reaching research, which can provide a reliable future guide for PM´s and other decision makers in international non-government development projects.


2021 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Yu. O. Bakrunov

The article emphasized the importance of the implementation of development projects, identified the features of the formation and significance of the team implementing development projects, defined the process of interaction of project team members, and developed an algorithm for managing a development project, and proposed a methodology for assessing the effect of its implementation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Stewart Usher ◽  
S. Jonathon Whitty

SYNOPSISOur research adds to the client-side project management body of literature by demonstrating that these professionals display all the characteristics of Design Thinking Mentalities, Thinking Styles and Practices as identified by Hassi and Laakso (2011a) and that they utilize a broad range of the Design Thinking tools identified by Liedtka (2015) and Johansson-Sköldberg et al. (2013) when they deliver construction projects.RELEVANCE FOR PRACTICE/EDUCATIONOur findings indicate that client-side project managers should view their role differently to what has been traditionally accepted. The use of Design Thinking within the project management construct highlights that practitioners need to develop skills and tools that address, not just the compliance and control elements of project management, but also information gathering and problem solving techniques. This change of perspective creates opportunities for project managers to broaden their skill set in order to be able create further value in the Construction process.RESEARCH DESIGNOur research uses a Grounded Theory methodology to explore the ‘lived experience’ of client-side project managers to determine if they utilize Design Thinking when managing Construction projects. This is achieved by creating a framework from the work of Hassi and Laakso (2011a), Johansson-Sköldberg et al. (2013) and Liedtka (2015) to guide semi-structured interviews with a cohort of ten client-side project managers.MAIN FINDINGSOur research provides evidence of Design Thinking Mentalities, Thinking Styles, Practices and Tools being utilized by client-side project managers when delivering Construction projects. Our findings also identifies 15 project management tools used by client-side project managers when delivering Construction projects and highlight that the practice of client-side project management should not be viewed exclusively as part of the ‘Implementation’ process. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONSOur results support existing research on client-side project management and expand the Project Management body of literature by demonstrating how client-side project managers employ Design Thinking to handle poorly-defined projects.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Dirk Zwerenz

Authors: Dirk Zwerenz, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8677-6050 PhD Candidate, University Kaposvár, Hungary; Head of Major Project Service, German Doka formwork technology GmbH, Maisach, Germany Pages: 95-118 Language: English DOI: https://doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(4).95-118.2020 Download: Views: Downloads: 57 31 Abstract Performance incentives to increase motivation; potentials for meaningful activities in project management, the author will concretize this with meaningful activities in project management. The ideal project leader is described by Mark Twain in his novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” (Twain, 1876) in the episode of Tom Sawyer painting the fence. Tom is able to motivate his friends for the actually boring activity in a way that they are willing to support him voluntarily. Regarding the law of human action discovered by Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain states: “To awaken a person’s desire, all that is needed is to make the object difficult to reach” (Twain, 1876). In 2006 Ariely, Loewenstein and Prelec examined the rules of irrational action described by Twain. They conclude that individuals make decisions based on their intrinsic motivation and sometimes not on “what is reasonable” (Ariely, Loewenstein, & Prelec, 2006). This enthusiasm of a project leader is transformed in this article and is reflected as a component “project brand strength” in the performance assessment of a project leader (Zwerenz, 2019). The author’s experience as a project leader in the implementation of several major projects also takes up this enthusiasm and expands it to include the identification of the project teams with themselves and the aspect of meaningful activities as an incentive in project management. That identification and motivation are on the one hand necessary to enjoy one’s profession seems understandable, on the other hand the boundaries between vocation and exhaustion are quickly crossed. Schmalenbach describes this in the article “Sacrifice of passion” in “DIE ZEIT”, issue 2-2019 with the provocative sentence “If you break down, you are a better person”. Committed project managers develop a very similar passion for “their” project and thus a comparable identification with their profession. The tension between income, recognition and prosperity is discussed. Furthermore, the dependencies of meaningfulness, recognition and income are derived from the literature and presented as factors influencing personal well-being. Finally, this article contributes to the design of a motivating variable remuneration system for project managers and other exposed occupational groups. Keywords: variable compensation, value management, development of individual competences, knowledge management, team management, management of individuals – development, motivation and reward, leadership, management of stakeholders, management of human resources, engineering and construction, research theory on project management.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Arthur Ahimbisibwe

<p>There are many factors proposed as to why software projects fail, one of them is the inappropriate choice of a project management methodology. Although there is an increased range of available management choices, project managers do not frequently consider their alternatives. They tend to narrowly tailor project categorisation systems and use categorisation criteria that are not logically linked with objectives. To address this, this study develops and tests an integrative contingency fit model for contrasting perspectives of traditional plan-based and agile methodologies specifically for outsourced software development projects. In addition, it takes a vendor‘s perspective, rather than the client perspective that is mostly used. Overall, the research seeks to answer these questions: (RQ1) what are the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for outsourced software development projects from a vendor‟s perspective? (RQ2) What are the differences in these CSFs for traditional plan-driven and agile methodologies towards project success from a vendor‟s perspective?  The IT literature reveals two major distinct categories of methodologies: traditional plan-based and agile. Previous research has identified CSFs with respect to project success with mixed findings. The recent increase in popularity of methodologies has shifted the debate, interest and controversy to CSFs that are the factors which are most important to make a methodology successful. While there is an increasing diversity of project types, project contexts and methodologies, the frameworks or theories connecting these are limited. To date software development projects studies have addressed generally one methodology per study and perceived candidate CSFs as a form of reasons of success amidst a wide range of project success criteria. Although contingency theory has been previously argued for outsourced software development projects, empirical models have frequently not fully incorporated contingency as fit or fit as moderation (i.e. traditional vs. agile). This study sought to fill this research gap.  Cross-sectional data from 984 senior vendor project managers and team leaders was collected by a global web-based survey. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) (a multivariate statistical technique, in which parameters are estimated by minimizing the discrepancy between the model-implied covariance matrix and the observed covariance matrix) was used for data analysis. SEM results provide support for several contingency hypotheses theorizing relationships between candidate CSFs and project success. Project management methodology was found to moderate the effects of various CSFs on project success, and in different ways for various success measures. Similarly, the results show the level of project uncertainty moderates the impact of various CSFs on project success, and in different ways for various success measures. Together these findings provide empirical support for contingency as fit and more fully incorporate fit as moderation.  The study contributes towards understanding the differences between traditional plan-based and agile project management based on the perceptions of vendor respondents with regard to their client organizations, and also to understanding what are the most significant antecedents of success (the CSFs) in different project contexts. The study also examines the indirect and interaction effects, and the findings contribute towards understanding of the contingency perspective as a framework to be used by project managers and organizations. Practical implications of these results suggest that project managers should tailor project management methodologies according to various project types, which is likely to improve current project success rates.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Arthur Ahimbisibwe

<p>There are many factors proposed as to why software projects fail, one of them is the inappropriate choice of a project management methodology. Although there is an increased range of available management choices, project managers do not frequently consider their alternatives. They tend to narrowly tailor project categorisation systems and use categorisation criteria that are not logically linked with objectives. To address this, this study develops and tests an integrative contingency fit model for contrasting perspectives of traditional plan-based and agile methodologies specifically for outsourced software development projects. In addition, it takes a vendor‘s perspective, rather than the client perspective that is mostly used. Overall, the research seeks to answer these questions: (RQ1) what are the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for outsourced software development projects from a vendor‟s perspective? (RQ2) What are the differences in these CSFs for traditional plan-driven and agile methodologies towards project success from a vendor‟s perspective?  The IT literature reveals two major distinct categories of methodologies: traditional plan-based and agile. Previous research has identified CSFs with respect to project success with mixed findings. The recent increase in popularity of methodologies has shifted the debate, interest and controversy to CSFs that are the factors which are most important to make a methodology successful. While there is an increasing diversity of project types, project contexts and methodologies, the frameworks or theories connecting these are limited. To date software development projects studies have addressed generally one methodology per study and perceived candidate CSFs as a form of reasons of success amidst a wide range of project success criteria. Although contingency theory has been previously argued for outsourced software development projects, empirical models have frequently not fully incorporated contingency as fit or fit as moderation (i.e. traditional vs. agile). This study sought to fill this research gap.  Cross-sectional data from 984 senior vendor project managers and team leaders was collected by a global web-based survey. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) (a multivariate statistical technique, in which parameters are estimated by minimizing the discrepancy between the model-implied covariance matrix and the observed covariance matrix) was used for data analysis. SEM results provide support for several contingency hypotheses theorizing relationships between candidate CSFs and project success. Project management methodology was found to moderate the effects of various CSFs on project success, and in different ways for various success measures. Similarly, the results show the level of project uncertainty moderates the impact of various CSFs on project success, and in different ways for various success measures. Together these findings provide empirical support for contingency as fit and more fully incorporate fit as moderation.  The study contributes towards understanding the differences between traditional plan-based and agile project management based on the perceptions of vendor respondents with regard to their client organizations, and also to understanding what are the most significant antecedents of success (the CSFs) in different project contexts. The study also examines the indirect and interaction effects, and the findings contribute towards understanding of the contingency perspective as a framework to be used by project managers and organizations. Practical implications of these results suggest that project managers should tailor project management methodologies according to various project types, which is likely to improve current project success rates.</p>


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