scholarly journals MODERN METHODS OF FETAL ANTENATAL DIAGNOSTICS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE SUBSEQUENT CHILD DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
N. V. Kazantseva ◽  
V. A. Izranov ◽  
O. A. Shevtsova ◽  
Yu. V. Shotik
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Ultrasound Diagnostics ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The fetal neurobehaviour helps to evaluate the integrativity of the brain function. The distinctive signs of the fetal motor patterns allow us to diagnose developmental disorders at early stages.The purposeis to review literature related to the study of the integrative activity of the central nervous system, the development and use of modern methods of fetal neuropsychological ultrasound diagnostics - the antenatal test of neurodevelopment after A. Kurjak (Kurjak Antenatal Neurodevelopmental Test - KANET).The results and conclusion.Using ultrasound of pregnant women at different gestation periods helps us to directly observe and evaluate fetal movements reflecting activity of the maturing central nervous system. The KANET test based on the observation of the fetal motor pattern according to the Prechtl’s method allows us to evaluate the fetal motor activity and predict development and functioning of the central nervous system after birth. The fetal antenatal neuropsychological diagnostics is used for timely detection of the disorders of central nervous system and early implementation of preventive and curative measures for the consequences of CNS damage: neurological, emotional and behavioral disorders in older children.

scholarly journals Neuro-Osteology

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Craniofacial Skeleton ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuro-osteology stresses the biological connection during development between nerve and hard tissues. It is a perspective that has developed since associations were first described between pre-natal peripheral nerve tissue and initial osseous bone formation in the craniofacial skeleton (Kjær, 1990a). In this review, the normal connection between the central nervous system and the axial skeleton and between the peripheral nervous system and jaw formation are first discussed. The early central nervous system (the neural tube) and the axial skeleton from the lumbosacral region to the sella turcica forms a unit, since both types of tissue are developmentally dependent upon the notochord. In different neurological disorders, the axial skeleton, including the pituitary gland, is malformed in different ways along the original course of the notochord. Anterior to the pituitary gland/sella turcica region, the craniofacial skeleton develops from prechordal cartilage, invading mesoderm and neural crest cells. Also, abnormal development in the craniofacial region, such as tooth agenesis, is analyzed neuro-osteologically. Results from pre-natal investigations provide information on the post-natal diagnosis of children with congenital developmental disorders in the central nervous system. Examples of these are myelomeningocele and holoprosencephaly. Three steps are important in clinical neuro-osteology: (1) clinical definition of the region of an osseous or dental malformation, (2) embryological determination of the origin of that region and recollection of which neurological structure has developed from the same region, and (3) clinical diagnosis of this neurological structure. If neurological malformation is the first symptom, step 2 results in the determination of the osseous region involved, which in step 3 is analyzed clinically. The relevance of future neuro-osteological diagnostics is emphasized.

Endovascular Restorative Neurosurgery: A Novel Concept for Molecular and Cellular Therapy of the Nervous System

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Paul Amar ◽  
Berislav V. Zlokovic ◽  
Michael L.J. Apuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract THE AMALGAM OF molecular biology and neurosurgery offers immense promise for neurorestoration and the management of neurodegenerative deficiencies, developmental disorders, neoplasms, stroke, and trauma. This article summarizes present strategies for and impediments to gene therapy and stem cell therapy of the central nervous system and advances the concept of a potential new approach, namely endovascular restorative neurosurgery. The objectives of gene transfer to the central nervous system are efficient transfection of host cells, selective sustained expression of the transgene, and lack of toxicity or immune excitation. The requisite elements of this process are the identification of candidate diseases, the construction of vehicles for gene transfer, regulated expression, and physical delivery. In the selection of target disorders, the underlying genetic events to be overcome, as well as their spatial and temporal distributions, must be considered. These factors determine the requirements for the physical dispersal of the transgene, the duration of transgene expression, and the quantity of transgene product needed to abrogate the disease phenotype. Vehicles for conveying the transgene to the central nervous system include viral vectors (retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes simplex virus), liposomes, and genetically engineered cells, including neural stem cells. Delivery of the transgene into the brain presents several challenges, including limited and potentially risky access through the cranium, sensitivity to volumetric changes, restricted diffusion, and the blood-brain barrier. Genetic or cellular therapeutic agents may be injected directly into the brain parenchyma (via stereotaxy or craniotomy), into the cerebrospinal fluid (in the ventricles or cisterns), or into the bloodstream (intravenously or intra-arterially). The advantages of the endovascular route include the potential for widespread distribution, the ability to deliver large volumes, limited perturbation of neural tissue, and the feasibility of repeated administration.

What are “normal movements” in atypical populations?

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Latash ◽  
J. Greg Anson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Current State ◽  
Primary Disorder ◽  
Motor Problems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Control Patterns

AbstractRedundancy of the motor control system is an important feature that gives the central control structures options for solving everyday motor problems. The choice of particular control patterns is based on priorities (coordinative rules) that are presently unknown. Motor patterns observed in unimpaired young adults reflect these priorities. We hypothesize that under certain atypical conditions, which may include disorders in perception of the environment and in decision making, structural or biochemical changes within the central nervous system (CNS), and/or structural changes of the effectors, the central nervous system may reconsider its priorities. A new set of priorities will reflect the current state of the system and may lead to different patterns of voluntary movement. Under such conditions, changed motor patterns should be considered not pathological but rather adaptive to a primary disorder and may even be viewed as optimal for a given state of the system of movement production. Therapeutic approaches should not be directed toward restoring the motor patterns to as close to “normal” as possible but rather toward resolving the original underlying problem. We illustrate this approach using, as examples, movements in amputees, in patients with Parkinson's disease, in patients with dystonia, and in persons with Down syndrome.

scholarly journals Some modern methods of diagnosis and pathogenetic therapy of multiple sclerosis

2002 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
I. D. Stolyarov ◽  
G. N. Bisaga ◽  
M. V. Votintseva ◽  
A. G. Ilves ◽  
I. G. Nikiforova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Young People ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Pathogenetic Therapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects young people and quickly leads to disability. Until now, the pathogenesis of this neurological disease, which is the most expensive for society, has not been fully elucidated, and the drugs used to treat MS patients can only slightly suspend but not interrupt the development of the disease. At the same time, the possibilities of diagnosing and treating MS have expanded due to the active study and implementation of neuroimaging, neuroimmunological and neurophysiological methods, and the use of new immunocorrecting genetically engineered drugs.

CONGENITAL NONHEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE WITH DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386
Author(s):  
Ira M. Rosenthal ◽  
Hyman J. Zimmerman ◽  
Noreen Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Neurologic Symptoms ◽  
Bilirubin Encephalopathy ◽  
Pathophysiologic Mechanism ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Severe Jaundice

The case of a child with persistent severe jaundice, beginning in the neonatal period, and progressive neurologic symptoms, with onset at the age of 3 years is reported. This patient is considered to be another example of the disease described originally by Crigler and Najjar. The severe jaundice is the result of reduced capacity of the liver to excrete bilirubin, although the pathophysiologic mechanism is obscure. The neurologic syndrome is believed to be the result of bilirubin encephalopathy. If this be the case, the course of this patient indicates that development of bilirubin encephalopathy is not necessarily confined to infancy. It can apparently occur in young children, and probably in older children and adults, if the concentrations of indirect-reacting bilirubin in the serum are sufficiently high for a prolonged period.

scholarly journals Slow maturation of planning in obstacle avoidance in humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharissa H. A. Corporaal ◽  
Stephan P. Swinnen ◽  
Jacques Duysens ◽  
Sjoerd M. Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Complex gait (e.g., obstacle avoidance) requires a higher cognitive load than simple steady-state gait, which is a more automated movement. The higher levels of the central nervous system, responsible for adjusting motor plans to complex gait, develop throughout childhood into adulthood. Therefore, we hypothesize that gait strategies in complex gait are likely to mature until adulthood as well. However, little is known about the maturation of complex gait from childhood into adolescence and adulthood. To address this issue, we investigated obstacle avoidance in forty-four 8- to 18-yr-old participants who walked at preferred speed along a 6-m walkway on which a planar obstacle (150% of step length, 1 m wide) was projected. Participants avoided the obstacle by stepping over this projection, while lower body kinematics were recorded. Results showed that step length and speed adjustments during successful obstacle avoidance were similar across all ages, even though younger children modified step width to a greater extent. Additionally, the younger children used larger maximal toe elevations and take-off distances than older children. Moreover, during unsuccessful trials, younger children deployed exaggerated take-off distances, which resulted in obstacle contact upon the consecutive heel strike. These results indicate that obstacle avoidance is not fully matured in younger children, and that the inability to plan precise foot placements is an important factor contributing to failures in obstacle avoidance.

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