scholarly journals Volhynian Revolution or Emergence of Conspiracy Theories in the Borderlands of the Russian Empire

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-720
Author(s):  
Kseniia B. Egorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
The West ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development

This article is devoted to the issue of the emergence of conspiracy theories and their existence in the borderlands; the research is focused on the western boundaries of the Russian Empire, belonging to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth before its partition. The material relating to these territories enables to have a fresh look on genesis of “the conspiracy theories’” in society, on the one hand, to reflect on the peculiarity of the borderland as a special cultural space, and, on the other hand, to add specific characteristics of “conspiracy theories” of the borderlands to the list of contributory factors to emergence of conspiracy theories in society. Reference to the west borders of the Russian Empire enables to use the material related to the beginning of 19th century, which is important for further development of the conspiracy study in Russia. This article centers around the analysis of “The letters written by court counsillor Opytov to countess Starozhilova with historical overview of the political mood of the nobility in Volhynian governorate”. Life of Volhynian Governorate at the beginning of the 19th century is reflected in the letters which contain the exposure of the Polish gentry’s plot against the Russian stateness. The extent of the “historicity” of this document and the possibility of assessing the situation in this region based on so-called Opytov’s evidence raise doubts. The performed analysis shows that Opytov’s letter was a fiction aimed at a narrow circle of readers familiar with the situation in Volhynia and western regions in general. The text of this letter contains the encrypted conspiracy narratives, known to Opytov’s contemporaries, which can become the key to understanding what type of text it is.

scholarly journals Judicial power development issues in Russian conservative legal ideology during the second half of the XIX-th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina A. Konareva ◽  
Elena V. Baboshina ◽  
Tatiana N. Matyusheva ◽  
Vyacheslav L. Rasskazov ◽  
Aleksej P. Treskov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Ideology ◽  
Organizational Activity ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Special Approach ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The political and legal ideology of Russian conservatism becomes more and more popular in modern conditions. This scientific work is devoted to the study of the political and legal positions of Russian conservatives in the second half of the 19th century, who made a significant impact on the development of legal science. The problem of judiciary development is taken as a basis. The purpose of the study is to analyze the positions of Russian scholars and public and political figures who proposed a special concept of views regarding the place and role of the judiciary in the state mechanism of the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th century. The hypothesis of the study is the presentation of a special approach to the consideration of conservative ideology in relation to the creation and organizational activity of the judicial system through the prism of national problems that developed in the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th century. The methodological basis of the study is made up of general scientific, private, as well as special methods of cognition.

The great Empire’s malacologist: Alexander von Middendorff’s contribution to the study of molluscs

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Maxim V. Vinarski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
Full List ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The contribution to malacology made by the eminent Russian scientist and traveler, Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (1815-1894) is reviewed. Middendorff’s research is rightly considered the highest achievement of Russian malacology in the 19th century. It is shown, despite the relatively short timespan of his malacological activity, Middendorff could reach substantial progress in the knowledge of the Russian malafauna, both marine, and continental, and authored more than 15 malacological publications, including a series of fundamental systematic works. Middendorff’s views on taxonomy, variability, and zoogeography of molluscs are discussed, and the research program in malacology, proposed by him, is reviewed as well as the impact of his studies on the further development of malacology in the Russian Empire. The full list of all molluscan taxa described by Middendorff is provided as an “Appendix” to the article.

scholarly journals SHEVCHENKO’S SIGNIFICANCE FOR SHAPING THE NATIONAL IDENTITY OF THE UKRAINIAN POST-SIXTIERS GENERATION IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Roksana Kharchuk
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper deals with the perception of Shevchenko’s poetry by the generation of post-1860s Ukrainians in the Russian Empire excluding S. Yefremov and O. Lototskyi whose stories have been addressed in a separate study. Based on memoirs, diaries, and correspondence, the author concludes about the influence of the poet’s work on T. Zinkivskyi, M. Slavinskyi, P. Tuchapskyi, Ye. Chykalenko, B. Hrinchenko, M. Hrushevskyi, and D. Doroshenko. They all had “Kobzar” among their books, while the perception of Shevchenko’s works by them was not identical. For T. Zinkivskyi, M. Slavinskyi, and B. Hrinchenko the poet formed the foundation of their own creativity; M. Hrushevskyi deepened his knowledge of Shevchenko’s work under the influence of О. Konyskyi; D. Doroshenko became interested in Shevchenko’s poetry still in childhood. Ye. Chykalenko considered Shevchenko’s work to be insufficiently developed, as well as М. Drahomanov. P. Tuchapsky adapted Shevchenko to socialism. Not everyone was impressed by “Kobzar” as a child due to difficulties in perceiving Shevchenko’s poetry at an early age. The very access to his works, especially uncensored, was also limited in Russia, but as an adult, each intellectual of the post-sixtiers (except P. Tuchapskyi) recognized Shevchenko’s influence on the formation of his own national identity. Although the generation of the post-sixtiers was focused mainly on politics rather than cultural work and their circle of reading was broader than the one of their predecessors, Shevchenko did not lose his signficance for them either. The post-1860s generation also understood the need for scholarly studies on Shevchenko’s works; in particular, V. Domanytskyi critically examined the poet’s texts.

scholarly journals Data pertaining to the outbreak of the Lithuanian insurrection (25 March 1831), retrieved from Swedish diplomatic sources

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Veniamin Ciobanu
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

Similarly to the Polish insurrection of November 1830, the Lithuanian one, occurring in March 1831, retained the attention of the Swedish diplomacy from the very beginning. This was made possible, in the first place, by the fact that the events were connected by a strong link of causality, in the sense that they aimed at severing Poland and Lithuania from the political-institutional system of the Russian Empire and at reconstituting the old one, i.e. the Polish-Lithuanian Union. But the latter’s victory would have first resulted in the radical upheaval of the ratio of forces in North-Eastern Europe, which could have also affected the Swedish-Norwegian political-institutional system, since it was assumed that the Norwegians would not have spared any time in following the Lithuanian and Polish example by denouncing the personal union with Sweden. Moreover, the revolutionary wave sweeping over Europe in 1830 was not one to avoid Sweden. Unlike other areas, the Swedes that opposed King Karol XIV Jan’s government went no further than to criticise it, despite the fact that both the criticism and the programme of the opposition kept increasing in boldness. The Swedish diplomacy therefore approached the issue of the Polish and Lithuanian insurrections from the same perspective, taking particular care to observe their evolution, placing itself in a position of reserveless condemnation of such behaviour. The documents transcribed in the following pages are the diplomatic reports of N. Fr. Palmstjerna, the chargé d’affaires of Sweden in Petersburg, and were selected from the Sveriges Riksarkivet, Kabinettet/UD Huvudarkivet, E2D, 702, the Petersburg fund, 1821, Jan.-iuni. They sometimes contain very detailed information pertaining to the early phase of the Lithuanian insurrection. By introducing them to the academic circuit, we express our hope that they will contribute to the expansion of the research horizon of the history of North-Eastern Europe from the first half of the 19th century.

The Reasons for the Emigration of the Korean Population to the Far East in the 60-70s 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
A.A. Komarova ◽  
V.P. Podolnikov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Korean Immigrants ◽  
Korean Population ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Special Relations ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article considers two groups of reasons that contributed to the emigration of the Korean population to the Far East in the second half of the 19th century. On the one hand, the resettlement of Koreans was facilitated by the internal problems of the Korean Peninsula, which included both the difficult socio-economic situation of the Korean peasants and a series of natural disasters that caused the majority of the population starvation. On the other hand, the migration legislation of the Russian Empire, aimed at the quickest settlement of newly acquired territories in the Far East, encouraged emigrants to choose our country with the promising benefits and desert fertile soils. The work also touches on the diplomatic relations of three countries (Russia, Korea and China), which were the prerequisites for the first Korean migration flows to territories belonging to the Russian Empire. The special relations of China and Korea are emphasized, as well as the main priorities of the foreign policy of Korea of that period, expressed in the so-called “closeness” of the country. The causes of economic and subsequent social problems of Korea are analyzed. The main stages of the annexation of the territories of the Far East to Russia are studied, and the attitude of the Russian authorities towards Korean immigrants is noted. It is concluded that there are a large number of unrelated factors that led to the subsequent migration of Koreans to the Far East.

The Germans and their Jewish Neighbors on the Ukrainian Areas at the Second Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
D. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
South West ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents some of the author’s research results that has got while elaboration of the theme “Everyday life in the mirror of conflicts: Germans and their neighbors on the Southern and South-West periphery of the Russian Empire 1861–1914”. The relationship between Germans and Jews is studied in the context of the growing confrontation in Southern cities that resulted in a wave of pogroms. Sources are information provided by the police and court archival funds. The German colonists Ludwig Koenig and Alexandra Kirchner (the resident of Odessa) were involved into Odessa pogrom (1871), in particular. While Koenig with other rioters was arrested by the police, Kirchner led a crowd of rioters to the shop of her Jewish neighbor, whom she had a conflict with. The second part of the article is devoted to the analyses of unty-Jewish violence causes and history in Ak-Kerman at the second half of the 19th and early years of 20th centuries. Akkerman was one of the southern Bessarabia cities, where multiethnic population, including the Jews, grew rapidly. It was one of the reasons of the pogroms in 1865 and 1905. The author uses criminal cases` papers to analyze the reasons of the Germans participation in the civilian squads that had been organized to protect the population and their property in Ackerman and Shabo in 1905.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

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