scholarly journals An experimental analysis on accuracy of customer water meters under various flow rates and water pressures

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ethem Karadirek
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
End Users ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Starting Flow ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Water Meter

Abstract Apparent losses are mainly due to metering errors in well-managed water supply systems. There are many types of water meters based on mechanisms to measure flow passing through. Therefore, selection of water meter type is important as meter type effects measurement accuracy. In this study, a total of 50 domestic water meters were tested under varying flow rates and different water pressures. Water consumptions of end-users show temporal changes depending on the life style of consumers. Flow rates passing through the water meter and water consumption profiles affect water meter accuracy. Water consumption of a couple of end-users was monitored and consumption patterns were extracted and obtained water consumption patterns were used to determine water meter errors. The collection method was applied for determination of water meter errors. Starting flow rates, error curves and weighted error of water meters were measured in a laboratory setup. Tested volumetric-type water meters have the lowest starting flow rate and the highest accuracy whereas single-jet water meters have the lowest accuracy and the highest starting flow rate. This study aimed to provide insights on the accuracy of water meters under varying flow rates and water pressures, and advantageous information for water meter-type selection.

scholarly journals Effects of network pressure on water meter under-registration: an experimental analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Fontanazza ◽  
V. Notaro ◽  
V. Puleo ◽  
G. Freni
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Systemic Error ◽  
Starting Flow ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Water Meter

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In water supply systems, a considerable amount of apparent loss is caused by meter under-registration. Water meters are subject to intrinsic systemic error depending on the actual flow rates passing through them. Furthermore, the moving parts of the meter are subject to wear and tear that progressively reduce meter accuracy. The increase in systemic error is especially evident at low flow rates because of growing friction in the rotating mechanism, which requires a higher flow to start the meter (starting flow). The aim of this paper is to experimentally investigate metering error in an attempt to find a direct link between meter age, network pressure and apparent losses caused by the inability of the meter to accurately register the volume passing though it at low flow rates. The study was performed through laboratory experiments in which worn-out water meters were tested using a test bench. The results of the laboratory experiments show that ageing and pressure are both relevant parameters for determining meter starting flow. These results were then applied to assess the effects on apparent losses of the age of the meter, varying pressure values upstream of the meter (the pressure in the network where the meter is installed) and different patterns of flow rates passing through the device (the consumption pattern of the user). The presented results are useful for understanding the effects of operating conditions on water meter under-registration, which can aid water managers in implementing effective replacement campaigns.</p>

Selection of Hot Water Supply Metering Devices for Residential Buildings

2015 ◽  
Vol 725-726 ◽  
pp. 1267-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Pukhkal ◽  
Boris Jurmanov
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Water Meter

Experimental measurements of actual hot water consumption in residential building have been performed. It was established that distribution of hot water for domestic needs has random character and constitutes non-stationary process. It was proposed for hot water supply systems calculation to employ “rated mode of water consumption”. Rated mode is a simplified mathematical description of entire ordered collection of hourly consumptions anticipated during rated period of hot water supply system operation. Most precise description of water consumption rated mode may be obtained with coefficient of general hourly discontinuity at 98% coverage. Selection of hot water metering devices for residential house requires that operating flow rate of water meter should correspond by maximum to residential building water consumption parameters. Methods of calculation of daily water volumes passing through water meter at flow rates lower than transient flow rate value for the specified device were proposed.

scholarly journals Measurements of water consumption for the development of new test regimes for domestic water meters

2021 ◽  
pp. 101963
Author(s):  
Daniel Schumann ◽  
Corinna Kroner ◽  
Bülent Unsal ◽  
Søren Haack ◽  
Johan Bunde Kondrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Meters

scholarly journals Metrological performance of single-jet water meters over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Carmen Virginia Palau ◽  
Juan Manzano ◽  
Iban Balbastre Peralta ◽  
Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽  
Guilherme Vieira do Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metrological Operation ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Over Time

To maintain quality measurement of water consumption, it is necessary to know the metrology of single-jet water meters over time. Knowing the accuracy of these instruments over time allows establishing a metrological operation period for different flow rates. This will aid water companies to optimize management and reduce economic losses due to unaccounted water consumption. This study analyzed the influence of time on the measurement error of single-jet water meters to evaluate the deterioration of the equipment and, with that, launch the metrological operation period. According to standards 8316 and 4064 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 808 meters of metrological Class B were evaluated in six water supplies, with age ranges of 3.7 to 16.4 years of use. The measurement error was estimated by comparing the volume measured in a calibrated tank with the volume registered by the meters at flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1. The metrological operation period of the meters was obtained for each flow rate by the relation between error of measurement and time of use (simple linear regression). According to the results, the majority of the equipment presents increasing under-registration errors over time, more pronounced at low flow rates and with less favorable operating conditions. The metrological operation period for flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1 is estimated at approximately 3, 8, 14 and 13 years. This operation period combined with consumption patterns of users will establish the best time to replace the meters.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Estimation of Domestic Hot Water Usage with Temperature and Vibration Sensors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Booysen
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Water Heaters

Electric water heaters are responsible for a large portion of electricity consumption and water usage in the domestic sector. Smart water heaters alleviate the strain on the electricity supply grid and reduce water consumption through behavioural change, but the installation of in-line flow meters is inconvenient and expensive. A non-invasive water flow meter is proposed as an alternative. Non-invasive flow measurement is more common for high flow rates in the industrial sector than for domestic applications. Various non-invasive water measurement methods are investigated in the context of domestic hot water, and a combination of thermal- and vibration-sensing is proposed. The proposed solution uses inexpensive, easily installable, non-invasive sensors and a novel algorithm to provide the same flow measurement accuracy as existing in-line meters. The algorithm detects the beginning and end of water consumption events with an accuracy of 95.6%. Quantitative flow rate estimation was possible for flow rates greater than 5 L min⁻¹ with an accuracy of 89%, while volumetric usage estimation had an accuracy of more than 93%. The algorithm limitations were applied to field data, revealing that water consumption could be detected with an error of less than 12% within the limitations of the proposed algorithm. The paper presents a successful proof of concept for a non-invasive alternative to domestic hot water flow rate measurement.

scholarly journals Smart water meter for automatic meter reading

2022 ◽  
Vol 1212 (1) ◽  
pp. 012042
Author(s):  
A Amir ◽  
R Fauzi ◽  
Y Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Water Metering ◽  
Water Meter

Abstract Clean water is one of the main sectors in smart city that need well management. One of the clean water management is utilization of water meters. The smart meter is more suitable applied for smart city. Recent Smart Water Meter allows water authorities to obtain water consumption data remotely. It also provides ability to collect and record the data in real time that can be utilised for multipurpose. However, in Indonesia, the water meters are used only to measure the total volume of clean water consumption for billing purpose only using mechanical water meter and requires labour intensive manual. Currently, many researches on smart meter design have been developed. However, the smart meter only measure and record the water consumption, without ability in which customer can determine the amount of water as needed. This paper describes design and development of smart water metering with Internet of Things. Flow meter is used as a sensor of water flowing through the pipe. The ability of the proposed smart meter is not only to measure and to record the volume water consumed, but also the customer can determine the water desired and required. The volume of water measured by the smart meter is compared with the manual measurement. The result shows that the water measured manually differs slightly from smart meter measurement using water flow sensor. The maximum difference, error, is 0.03 litres. The proposed smart meter has ability to close the main valve once the determined amount of water is reached.

Performance analysis of water meters for measuring domestic water consumption, the case of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dereje Kurtu Gonza ◽  
Fasil Akal Tekleweld ◽  
Teka Girmay Hishe ◽  
Eusman Ebrahim Shumey ◽  
Birhane Shimondi Birhane
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Dire Dawa ◽  
Domestic Water Consumption ◽  
Water Meters

scholarly journals Water meter replacement and its impact on water consumption, utility revenue and payback periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Brinkley ◽  
A A Ilemobade ◽  
M Ncube
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Returns On Investment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Meter

Mechanical water meter accuracy degrades over time due to wear and tear. Based on this premise, many water utilities around the world undertake meter replacement projects. In many instances, these projects neither assess the potential or actual impacts of meter replacement on consumption and utility revenue, nor undertake meter replacement based on a best practice, customised metering policy. From 2013 to 2015, Johannesburg Water (SOC) Limited embarked on a project to replace more than 50 000 mechanical water meters that had not been read over a period of 180 days due to technical faults. This study obtained and analysed two databases of these meters and arrived at a sorted and validated database comprising 3 679 meter replacements. For each meter replacement, twelve months of water consumption data was obtained for the period prior to and after replacement. This study then investigated the impact of replacement on water consumption, utility revenue and payback periods. Some high-level highlights from the study include the following: (i) a metering policy that addresses such issues as efficient meter database management, and the optimum meter replacement age and/or volumetric reading, is critical for any water utility if it is to obtain the best results from meter replacement; (ii) in order to guarantee the highest returns on investment, bulk meters (40 mm and larger) should be prioritised for meter replacement over single-stand residential meters; (iii) the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters with 15 mm meters resulted in more accurate metering of consumption by virtue of increased consumption; and (iv) payback of the 15 mm replacement mechanical meters was achieved within 12 months, with the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters resulting in average monthly revenue increases per property of R266.70 and R203.08 respectively.

Performance Analysis of Ageing Domestic Water Meters with Respect to Apparent Losses: A Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Christian Camilleri ◽  
Luke Pace ◽  
Alex Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
One Year ◽  
Water Meter

In water distribution networks, a substantial amount of Apparent Losses result from water-meter errors. This study aims to evaluate water-meter under-registration, specifically the effect of ageing on the meter measurement errors, controlled at different flow-rates. The study was initiated by establishing a holistic methodology highlighting the planning process and meter-testing procedure. The results achieved show that the metrological percentage meter error is highly pronounced at low flow-rates. In the case of medium to high flow-rates for one-year, three-year, and five-year-old class of meters, meter errors were not statistically significant. However, an opposite outcome for the same flow-rates resulted for the seven-year class meter.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document