Galvanising and fostering sub-national government leadership for area-wide sanitation programming

Abstract Government leadership at both the national and sub-national levels is an essential step towards ensuring safely managed sanitation services for all. Though the importance of sub-national government leadership for water, sanitation and hygiene is widely acknowledged, to date much of the focus has been on the delivery of water services. This article sets out to start to address this imbalance by focusing on practical ways to galvanise and foster sub-national government leadership for sanitation programming. By focusing on the experiences across three sub-national areas in East Africa where positive changes in the prioritisation of sanitation by local governments have been witnessed, we (a group of researchers, local government representatives and development partner staff) cross-examine and identify lessons learnt. The results presented in this paper and subsequent discussion provide practical recommendations for those wishing to trigger a change in political will at the local level and create the foundation to strengthen sanitation governance and the wider system needed to ensure service delivery for all.

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Assessing the Revenue Raising Capacity of the Local Government of Bongabon in the Philippines

Journal of Public Administration and Governance ◽

10.5296/jpag.v8i3.13381 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Ana Liza M. Cruz ◽

Franz Jake M. Cruz ◽

Olive Chester Cuya Antonio

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Collection Efficiency ◽

Local Level ◽

The Philippines ◽

National Government ◽

Real Property ◽

Tax Collection ◽

Local Revenue ◽

Generation Capacity ◽

To Come

One source of funding for sub national government is imposition of taxes. It is imposed upon individual and corporation within the territorial jurisdiction of the municipality. Local governments are funded through Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) provided by the National Government. The purpose of the study is to assess the local revenue generation capacity of the municipality of Bongabon, Nueva Ecija in the Philippines. The paper revealed that its calculated collection efficiency is only 20.6% of the total collectibles on Real Property Tax. The average local revenue raising capacity of the municipality of Bongabon, Nueva Ecija within the period of 7 years (2011 to 2017) is only 40.9 % of the externally sourced revenue or IRA. The study concluded that the municipality of Bongabon, Nueva Ecija remains dependent on national government when it comes to funding. The study also identified various constraints to efficient tax collection while local citizens perceived the LGU capacity to collect tax negatively. More studies on tax capacity are encouraged to come up with sufficient baseline data that may serve as inputs to policy making and solve the problems of tax collection in the local level.

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Making Sanitation and Hygiene a Human Security Issue: The case of Nyamagabe District, Rwanda

10.19088/slh.2021.017 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kwizera, Maurice Kwizera, Maurice ◽

Lambert Karangwa ◽

Jeannette Murekatete ◽

Gilbert Rukundo Mutabaruka ◽

Jean Paul Mbarushimana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Security Issue ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Government Leadership ◽

Working Together ◽

Practical Experiences ◽

National Governments

This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale, it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Nyamagabe District and WaterAid documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Nyamagabe District, Rwanda.

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Turns of Direct Democracy at the Local Level in Latvia

10.4018/978-1-7998-7304-4.ch005 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 91-114

Author(s):

Lilita Seimuskane ◽

Maris Pukis

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Local Government ◽

Citizen Participation ◽

Local Governments ◽

Direct Democracy ◽

Local Level ◽

National Government ◽

Current Level ◽

Study Participation ◽

The Government

The chapter provides analysis of obstacles for the introduction of direct citizen participation in the decision-making process at the local self-governments in Latvia, as well as intents of national government to widen participative democracy by formalization of consultation mechanisms. Within the scope of this study, participation is seen as an interaction form of relationship between citizens and a local government. The highest form, according to Arnstein's gradation theory of a ladder of citizen participation, refers to the participation degree called partnership, delegated power, and is described by Teorell as a citizen voice in the government. Situation and perspective of local government referendums are analysed. Consultation is implemented at the level by involving the residents in the work of local government commissions and implementing public deliberations. Administrative territorial reform, performed by 2021 elections, will decrease the number of local governments to a third of their current level.

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A Holistic Approach to Accelerated Attainment of Open-Defecation Free Status in Moyo District

10.19088/slh.2021.018 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Katwere Ssemwanga ◽

Dominic Lomongin Aballa ◽

Steven Amoko ◽

Sheila Nduhukire

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Government Leadership ◽

Working Together ◽

Practical Experiences ◽

National Governments

This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three subnational areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Moyo District and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Moyo District, Uganda.

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Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene

10.19088/slh.2021.007 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mimi Coultas

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Case Studies ◽

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Government Leadership ◽

Practical Experiences ◽

National Governments ◽

National Systems

From late 2020 to early 2021, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the S&H sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya, with UNICEF), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda, with WaterAid) and Moyo District (Uganda, with WSSCC), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The cases were then explored through three online workshops with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. This document presents key findings from this process.

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Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in the Philippines: Meeting National and Global Targets at the Local Level

Journal of Environmental Science and Management ◽

10.47125/jesam/2021_1/01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Victorio Molina ◽

Olivia Sison ◽

John Robert Medina ◽

Cyrille Nahla Ayes ◽

Joseph Aaron Joe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Local Level ◽

Water Source ◽

The Philippines ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Local Data ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Global Water

As national and global water, sanitation, and hygiene targets have been set and programs have been implemented, the study aimed to assess the attainment of these targets at the local level in selected areas in Davao region, the Philippines. Randomly selected households were assessed for water, sanitation, and hygiene indicators using a modified tool that combined national guidelines and global recommendations. Validated access to improved water source for drinking was below the targets in most barangays, while validated sanitary toilet coverages in all barangays did not meet the targets. Significant difference was observed between validated and reported access to improved water and sanitation services in some barangays. Approximately 87.5% of households had a handwashing facility, but only 51.2% of which had both water and soap available. Achieving the targets is challenged by the gap in monitoring due to a decentralized health system in the Philippines. There is a need to standardize indicators and optimize the tool to allow a comprehensive assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. This will help generate local data that are in line with national guidelines and global recommendations to enhance policy and to determine priority areas for improved water, sanitation, and hygiene service delivery.

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Strengthening European local governments to address global health crises and their consequences

HAPSc Policy Briefs Series ◽

10.12681/hapscpbs.24951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Angel Iglesias ◽

Roberto Barbeito

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Local Governments ◽

Local Level ◽

European Research ◽

The European Union ◽

Program Cost ◽

The Public ◽

Health Measures ◽

Policy Paper ◽

Practical Recommendations

The crisis generated by Covid-19 is a product of global interconnection, but its impacts are manifested locally in a differentiated manner. This text assumes precisely that local governments, as the administration closest to the citizens, are a key instrument to face the effects of this and other global risks in a more democratic and effective way, because they can provide differentiated and more adequate responses to the concrete needs of the citizens. Moreover, if decisions taken at a local level are widely participated and deliberated by the population, they are more legitimate, and this makes it easier for citizens to accept measures that restrict freedoms, such as those imposed worldwide by the public health measures taken in response to Covid-19. In line with these assumptions, in this policy paper we highlight the need to strengthen European local governments by giving them greater resources and more autonomy. Our position is consistent with the recommendations made by international bodies during the current pandemic, but it is also supported by the evidence the authors have gathered from their participation in a European research project within the H2020 program (COST Action IS 1207 LocRef). Based on the results of this research, a series of practical recommendations are proposed for the European Union and the member countries to grant increased resources and a greater degree of autonomy to local governments.

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Which Level of Government Do the ASEAN People Think that Environmental Issues Should Be Decided By? An Analysis of the ASEAN-Barometer Survey of 2009

Japanese Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s1468109914000048 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 203-230

Author(s):

SEIJI FUJII

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Fiscal Federalism ◽

Local Level ◽

National Level ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Environmental Problems ◽

The Philippines ◽

National Government ◽

Asean Countries ◽

Higher Consciousness

AbstractThis paper explores preferences and attitudes related to fiscal federalism held by the ASEAN people in the context of environmental issues. Fiscal federalism would predict that local environmental problems will be handled more efficiently by local governments, while national environmental problems will be solved more efficiently by the national government. But it is not obvious whether citizens consider in the same way as economics theory predicts. To unveil this point, I address questions of whether those who have higher consciousness toward environmental issues at the neighbor or local level prefer local governments to decide environment policies, whether those who have more consciousness about environmental issues at the national level prefer the national government to decide the policies, and whether those who have higher consciousness toward environmental problems at global level prefer higher levels government such as the United Nations to decide the policies. By fitting multi-level probit regressions to cross-national survey data collected in ASEAN countries, I found the results supporting the hypotheses. The country analyses show the results which support the hypotheses in Brunei, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

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Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene

10.19088/slh.2021.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mimi Coultas

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Case Studies ◽

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Government Leadership ◽

Practical Experiences ◽

National Governments ◽

National Systems

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How Sanitation and Hygiene Champions Emerged in Siaya County

10.19088/slh.2021.019 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Talia Meeuwissen ◽

Mable Chanzu ◽

Julie Aubriot ◽

Jimmy Kariuki ◽

Carolyne Odhiambo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Government Leadership ◽

Working Together ◽

Practical Experiences ◽

National Governments ◽

National Systems

This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Siaya County and UNICEF documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County, Kenya.

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