An assessment of penetration for pay-to-fetch water kiosks in rural Ghana using the Huff gravity model

Abstract Safe water enterprises across the developing world are attempting to meet demand for higher levels of water service. Existing, often free, water sources can make it difficult for these businesses to convince consumers to use a better-quality source or capture sufficient revenue for cost recovery. For this reason, it is imperative to develop a realistic understanding of penetration for small-scale water utilities. A cross-sectional assessment of 60 rural communities was used to evaluate the market share of a private service provider in Ghana. Household survey responses were used to identify the most attractive qualities of available water sources. Distance, taste, appearance, and affordability were found to be the most common motivational drivers. Using this information, a Huff gravity model was developed to assess the actual and potential market penetration and market share for the company in each community. The model and actual results agreed that about 38% of respondents would be regular customers at the given price. Even if water were free, the model predicted that the attractiveness of other sources would make it difficult to capture more than 58% of the sampled households. This illustrates the complexity of the water service ecosystem in a developing, rural context.

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A cross-sectional investigation of sanitation and water services and related factors among residence of Negele town, Arsi zone, southeast Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-59656/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Diriba Temesgen Dagaga ◽

Girma Deboch Geleta

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Water Sources ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water Service ◽

Arsi Zone ◽

Southeast Ethiopia ◽

Service Coverage ◽

The Town ◽

Public Toilets

Abstract Background Access to at least a basic water supply service and improved sanitation contributes to human heath and socio-economic development of a country. This study was conducted to assess the sanitation and water services coverage and related factors among dwellers of Negele town, Arsi zone, southeast EthiopiaMethod Two Kebeles (administrative units) were randomly selected from each of the three zones of the town to collect data via questionnaires from randomly selected households (380), via interview from purposely selected key informants (40) and via personal observation employing a cross-sectional survey design from April-May 2018. Data were analyzed using microsoft Excel program and results were expressed using table as frequencie and percentages . Result Latrine coverage of the town was low (45%) mainly due to shortage of land or fund and expansion of building illegal houses. Among the available latrines, 75% were closer than the recommended distance (6m) to kitchens, 52.3% lacked roofs, 53% lacked doors, and 100% lacked hole cover (sheet of metal or wood which are commonly advised to be put on the small hole of the latrines) and water to clean. Latrine lacking households defecate at various sites of the environment with problems on environmental sanitation, personal safety and health. Similarly, water service coverage was very low (7.6%) as a result of deficient water sources and non-functioning pipe lines forcing the people to use unprotected water sources or expend much time in fetching water from others’ private taps. The administration of the town had planned to build four public toilets and raise its water supply coverage to about 70% by 2018/2019.Conclusion Latrine and water service coverage of Negele town was so low implying it is not on a track to achieve the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goal target 6.1 and 6.2. This may intiate the admistration of the town to provide land, arrange loan or search for aids for the construction of standardized private and public toilets. Searching additional water sources like underground water and maintaining non-functional and/or constructing new pipe lines may also be promoted to improve the water service coverage of the town. The plan of the administration of the town should include long term plan, be public participatory and target the UN sustainable development goals.

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Between the City and the Farm: Food Environments in Artisanal Mining Communities in Upper Guinea

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021002020 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-34

Author(s):

Stella Nordhagen ◽

Mohamed Lamine Fofana ◽

Alpha Oumar Barry ◽

Sadio Diallo ◽

Joseph Lamilé Songbono ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Food Environment ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Household Survey ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cash Income ◽

Food Environments ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Objective: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a widespread livelihood in low- and middle-income countries, however many in ASM communities face high levels of poverty and malnutrition. The food environments in ASM communities have non-agricultural rural characteristics that differ from those in urban and subsistence rural areas examined in much existing food environment literature. Design: We examine these complex external and personal food environments in ASM communities via a study using qualitative and quantitative methods. Market surveys and a cross-sectional household survey, plus qualitative mining site non-participant observations and in-depth structured interviews, were conducted in three waves. Setting: Eighteen study sites in ASM communities in northern Guinea. Participants: Surveys covered mothers in mining households with young children (n=613); in-depth interviews engaged mothers of young children (n=45), food vendors (n=40), and young single miners (n=15); observations focused on mothers of young children (n=25). Results: The external food environment in these ASM communities combines widespread availability of commercially-processed and staple-heavy foods with lower availability and higher prices for more nutritious, non-staple foods. Within the personal food environment, miners are constrained in their food choices by considerable variability in daily cash income and limited time for acquisition and preparation. Conclusions: We demonstrate that ASM communities have characteristics of both urban and rural populations and argue for greater nuance and appreciation of complexity in food environment research and resultant policy and programming.

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Household demand for improved water supply services in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2010.095 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 125-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kinfe Gebreegziabher ◽

Tewodros Tadesse

Keyword(s):

Formal Education ◽

House Price ◽

Household Survey ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Water Services ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Housing Status ◽

Water Service ◽

Mekelle City ◽

And Gender

With population growth and urbanization, demand for improved water services has been growing. It is imperative therefore to examine different factors that influence demand for improved water services and the resultant welfare changes. Using cross-sectional household survey data collected through structured questionnaire from ten administrative units in Mekelle City, we estimate household willingness to pay models and identify major determinant factors of demand for improved water service. In order to help us do this, we considered selection issues and estimated models using the Heckman Two-Step Estimator. Our results show that the amount of bid (amount of money households would be willing to pay) that households (already connected to private taps) would be willing to pay is positively associated with household income, ownership of the house, price of vended water and the practice of water purification. For households who are not connected to private taps, the amount they would be willing to pay for (improved) private tap connection is positively associated with formal education, housing status and gender. We also investigate the welfare gains and losses as a result of improved water service. Analytical results show that, as the number of households who subscribe to improved water service increases, there is a gain in surplus for households and revenue (producer surplus) for the municipality.

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Maternal Care Utilization in Primary Healthcare Centers in Nigerian Communities

International Quarterly of Community Health Education ◽

10.1177/0272684x20983956 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0272684X2098395

Author(s):

Rolle R. Ahuru

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

State Government ◽

Primary Healthcare ◽

Maternal Care ◽

Household Survey ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Care Utilization ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Primary Healthcare Centers

This study investigated maternal care utilization in Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) in four rural communities in Ughelli North LGA, Delta State, Nigeria. The study is a cross-sectional household survey that used a structured questionnaire to elicit information from 398 women within the reproductive ages. The data were analyzed with descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. The data revealed that 67.1% of currently pregnant women utilized ANC in PHCs, 55.7% of women who reported recent birth delivered in PHCs and 30.9% delivered outside health institutions. The odds for delivery care utilization in PHCs were significantly lower for women who reported at least secondary education [aOR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.22[Formula: see text]1.16] and those on the highest income bracket N(15,000–99,000) [aOR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.00[Formula: see text]0.82]. Poor quality of care accounts for the highest proportion of the reasons why some women refrained from utilizing maternal care in PHCs despite proximity. Delta State government should put in place measures to upgrade PHCs in the rural part of the State.

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Nexus between Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining and Livelihood in Prestea Mining Region, Ghana

Geography Journal ◽

10.1155/2016/1605427 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Francis Arthur ◽

Williams Agyemang-Duah ◽

Razak Mohammed Gyasi ◽

Joseph Yaw Yeboah ◽

Evans Otieku

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Well Being ◽

Small Scale ◽

Sustainable Livelihood ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mining Region

Drawing on the DFID’s sustainable livelihood framework, this paper explores the nexus between artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) and livelihood in Prestea mining region, Ghana. A cross-sectional mixed method survey involving simple random and purposively sampled participants (N=151) was carried out. The results suggest both positive and negative relationships between ASM and livelihoods of the people. The study found various livelihood assets associated with ASM and how critical assets are adversely affected by ASM activities. Limited employment opportunities in rural areas (82%), economic hardships/poverty situations of people (59%), and “quick” income earnings from ASM (90%) were the major factors that influenced people to combine and use their personal assets to enable them to engage in ASM. ASM contributes to the livelihood enhancement through income generation, increased well-being and asset acquisition (50.7%), reduced vulnerabilities (31.1%), and empowerment of people (19.2%) to establish other economic activities. However, the small-scale miners and farmers as well as farmlands, forest, and water resources are most vulnerable to adverse effects of ASM activities. Accidents of various degrees, diseases, and death were the shocks in ASM. Regarding the massive impact of ASM on employment creation and poverty reduction in rural communities, it is recommended that stakeholders recast Ghana’s mineral policy to ensure concurrent environmental sustainability and socioeconomic development.

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The Impact of the Private Sector Co-Payment Mechanism (PSCM) on the Private Market for ACTs in Nigeria: Results of the 2018 Cross-sectional Outlet and Household Market Surveys.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-917449/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hannah M. Edwards ◽

Rubaiyath Sarwar ◽

Parvez Mahmud ◽

Shekarau Emmanuel ◽

Kolawole Maxwell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Market Share ◽

Market Competition ◽

Household Survey ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Payment Mechanism ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

Abstract BackgroundThe private sector plays a large role in malaria treatment provision in Nigeria. To improve access to, and affordability of, quality-assured artemisinin combination therapies (QA-ACTs) within this sector, the Affordable Medicines Facility - Malaria began operations in 2010 and transitioned to a private sector co-payment mechanism (PSCM) until 2017. To assess the impact of the scheme on the ACT market, cross-sectional household and outlet surveys were conducted in 2018 to coincide with the final stockages of ACTs procured under the PSCM. MethodsAn outlet survey was conducted targeting private pharmacies and Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors (PPMVs) across different regions of Nigeria to assess supply-side market factors related to availability and cost of antimalarials, including ACTs subsidised under the PSCM (called green leaf ACTs on account of their green leaf logo) and those not subsidised (non-green leaf ACTs). A concurrent household survey was conducted to determine demand-side factors related to treatment seeking practices, ACT brand preference and purchase decision. Data were compared with previous ACTWatch surveys to consider change over time.ResultsAvailability of ACTs increased significantly over the PSCM period and was almost universal by the time of the 2018 market survey. This increase was seen particularly among PPMVs. While the cost of green leaf ACTs remained relatively stable over time, the cost of non-green leaf ACTs reduced significantly so that by 2018 they had equivalent affordability. Unsubsidised brands were also available in different formulations and dosages, with double-strength ACTs reported as the most frequently purchased dosage type, and child ACTs popular in suspension and dispersible forms (forms not subsidised by the PSCM).ConclusionsThe PSCM had a clear impact on increasing not only the reach of subsidised QA brands, but also of non-subsidised brands. Increased market competition led to innovation from unsubsidised brands and large reductions in costs to make them competitive with subsidised brands. Concerns are drawn from the large market share that non-QA brands have managed to gain as well as the continued market share of oral artemisinin monotherapies. Continued monitoring of the market is recommended, along with improved local capacity for QA-certification and monitoring.

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Nexus between Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining and Livelihood in Prestea Mining Region, Ghana

Journal of Mining ◽

10.1155/2015/493580 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Francis Arthur ◽

Williams Agyemang-Duah ◽

Razak Mohammed Gyasi ◽

Joseph Yaw Yeboah ◽

Evans Otieku

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Well Being ◽

Small Scale ◽

Sustainable Livelihood ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mining Region

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Utilization of antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services in primary healthcare centres in selected rural communities in Delta State, Southern Nigeria.

Second Edition in 2020 of the HSI Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Publication - Health Sciences Investigations Journal ◽

10.46829/hsijournal.2020.12.1.2.105-113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 105-113

Author(s):

Rolle R Ahuru ◽

Ada M Anyiwe ◽

Chimezie I Nzoputam

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Primary Healthcare ◽

Postnatal Care ◽

Household Survey ◽

Care Utilization ◽

Level Of Care ◽

Delivery Care ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southern Nigeria ◽

At Home

Background: In Nigeria, there is a dearth of evidence on predictors of maternal care utilization in primary healthcare centres (PHCs). Objective: In this study, we examined the predictors of antenatal care (ANC), delivery care, and postnatal care (PNC) utilization in PHCs in four rural communities in Ughelli North Local Government Area in Delta State, Southern Nigeria. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional household survey which used a pretested structured questionnaire to elicit information from 380 women within the reproductive ages in their homes. Descriptive and predictive analyses were undertaken to assess the prevalence of ANC, delivery care, and PNC in PHCs. The odds for utilizing the three indicators were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The data revealed that 72.96% (n = 224/380) of the women utilized ANC in PHCs. Among women who reported recent birth, 56.34% (n = 191/339) delivered in PHCs, 4.72% (n = 87/339) in other government hospitals, 13.27% (n = 445/339) in private hospitals and 25.66% (n =87/339) delivered either at home or in the homes of Traditional Birth Attendants. Also, 64.24% (n = 106/339) of women who reported recent birth use PHC for PNC. Women who required to walk for 30 -59 min and ≥ 60 min to the nearest healthcare centre were, respectively, 56% [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0. 18 -1.04] and (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.19 -0.72) significantly less likely to use PHC for ANC. Those who had primary educational qualification (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.19 –9.76) and at least secondary educational qualifications (OR = 0.43;95% CI: 0.20-1.18) were respectively 64% and 57% significantly less likely to use PHC for delivery care. Attending ANC in PHCs significantly increases the chances of using PHC for both delivery care (OR = 10.52;95% CI: 5.94 -18.61), and PNC (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 0.99-4.53). Also, using PHC for delivery care (OR = 11.72; 95% CI: 5.14-26.69) is associated with 1,072% increase in the odds to use PHCs for PNC. Conclusion: The study concluded that the rate at which women in the study area deliver at home is high despite proximity to PHCs. Also, the use of PHCs for a lower level of care influences its usage for a higher level of care. The study among other things recommends that quality of care rendered in PHCs should be upgraded and more PHCs should be sited in the study area.

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A Cross-sectional Epidemiological Survey on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene amongst Residents of Bamboutos Division, West Region Cameroon: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i1630359 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

R. Lontuo- Fogang ◽

V. Khan Payne ◽

Saah Fokou Cedric ◽

H. Ntangmo Tsafack ◽

R. Bamou

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Potable Water ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Household Survey ◽

Water Sources ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Poor Knowledge ◽

Drinking Purposes

Background: Although Cameroon is the second country in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo in terms of water availability, access to good drinking water constitutes an every day’s struggle. A household survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and hygiene practices among households during collection, storage and preservation of potable water and evaluate some general hygiene/sanitation practices employed at the household level on daily basis in Bamboutos Division. Methods: A community-based descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in April 2019 in two Sub-Divisions of the Bamboutos Division. Respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: Out of the 460 households interviewed, 85.09% (n=371) could cite only one waterborne diseases with typhoid taking the lead (n=331; 89.22%); followed by cholera (n=191; 51.48%) and dysenteries (n=154; 41.51%). Most residents (n=361; 79%) had poor knowledge and practices on waterborne diseases when classified in to good/poor. Several water sources were declared by residents for drinking purposes with the springs (50%), wells (35%) and boreholes (30%) as their main sources while others (35%) mentioned rain water during the rainy season. Knowledge and practices in the prevention of WBD were found to be associated to education level while water source was found to predispose people to suffer from WBD. Most participants (n=452; 98.26%) said they washed their hands before and after eating (98.26%) and after visiting the toilets (n=358; 77.82%) with water and soap (n=403; 87.60%). Conclusion: The study indicated poor knowledge on WBD and poor practices in their prevention in Bamboutos Division. The use of a variety of water sources for drinking purposes implies that access to good quality water is a nightmare for the population of Bamboutos. Hence measures have to be put in place for the assessment of water quality and ensure the availability of potable water to everyone.

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Proposal for Improving Records Management Practices of Traditional Institutions in Ga Molepo, South Africa

Mousaion ◽

10.25159/2054 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 46-67

Author(s):

Mahlaga Johannes Molepo ◽

Linda M. Cloete

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Management Practices ◽

Records Management ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Record Keeping ◽

Local Municipalities ◽

Management Procedures ◽

Traditional Institutions

The way in which an institution treats its records is crucial for its survival in a rapidly changing society. The purpose of the study was to investigate the records management practices and challenges faced by traditional institutions of leadership and governance in Ga Molepo, Limpopo, South Africa. The researcher employed a cross-sectional survey in order to quantitatively examine the challenges faced by members of traditional councils. A researcher administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tool to study a stratified sample of 35 members from an estimated population of 350. The findings revealed patterns and trends of non-compliance with records management standards and guidelines. Although there were sporadic cases of record keeping, a greater number of respondents revealed that traditional institutions lack the facilities, equipment, education and trained/skilled personnel to apply correct records management procedures in their daily administration of their traditional communities. The main value of the study is to create awareness of records management as one of the neglected areas in traditional institutions â€“ which are by current legislative arrangement, the closest form of leadership and governance for rural communities in light of their relationship with local municipalities and the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs.

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