scholarly journals The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal–oral disease transmission

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Francis Trevett ◽  
Richard C. Carter ◽  
Sean F. Tyrrel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Pathogen Load ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Risk Of Disease

The deterioration of drinking water quality following its collection from a community well or standpipe and during storage in the home has been well documented. However, there is a view that post-supply contamination is of little public health consequence. This paper explores the potential health risk from consuming re-contaminated drinking water. A conceptual framework of principal factors that determine the pathogen load in household drinking water is proposed. Using this framework a series of hypotheses are developed in relation to the risk of disease transmission from re-contaminated drinking water and examined in the light of current literature and detailed field observation in rural Honduran communities. It is shown that considerable evidence of disease transmission from re-contaminated drinking water exists. In particular the type of storage container and hand contact with stored drinking water has been associated with increased incidence of diarrhoeal disease. There is also circumstantial evidence linking such factors as the sanitary conditions in the domestic environment, cultural norms and poverty with the pathogen load of household stored drinking water and hence the risk of disease transmission. In conclusion it is found that re-contaminated drinking water represents a significant health risk especially to infants, and also to those with secondary immunodeficiency.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial-Resistance Pathogen Load and Public Health Risk of Drinking Water in South Gondar, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalachew Yenew ◽  
Melese Kebede ◽  
Melkamu Mulat
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Pathogen Load

Abstract Objectives: This study aims to determine the contamination Antimicrobial-Resistance Pathogen load and Public Health Risk of Drinking Water in the case of Debre Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia.Study design and period: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study design was employed from March to May 2020.Methods: A total of 60 water samples were collected from the household tap and household drinking water storage container by following the standard microbial analysis method. Besides Sanitary survey was conducted for the municipal water supply system. Water samples were analyzed for differences in bacteriological parameters and drug-susceptibility patterns. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the data.Results: The drinking water was mostly contaminated with multiple antibiotics-resistance waterborne Escherichia coli 35% (95% CI: 31.2%, 46.9%), Salmonella 22.7% (95% CI: 23.2%, 28.7%), and Shigella 15% (95% CI: 11.2%, 20.9%). Approximately 52.78% and 36.11% of the tap and an equal 23.33% of the household storage container water samples were categorized under low and intermediate risks respectively, and the overall health risk index of the water samples showed that 45.83%, 41.67%, and 12.5%, of them, are categorized under low, intermediate and high-risk classes respectively.Conclusion: The contamination of drinking water with antimicrobial-resistant waterborne bacteria in the community could indicate the likelihood of the occurrence of treatment failure and increased mortality. Hence, proper drinking water treatment and strict supervision are needed to prevent the contamination of the water and related consequences.

Physico-chemical and Biological Properties of Groundwater Quality in Rural Settlement, Nadi, Fiji

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Roselyn Naidu ◽  
Lionel Joseph ◽  
Syed Sauban Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Health Organization

The current study investigated drinking water quality of samples taken from Arolevu village, a locality situated in Nadi, Fiji. The groundwater samples were collected and subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical and biological analysis. The analysis for the drinking water sample was conducted seasonally, six times a year, that is, three for the dry season and three for the wet season. The results retrieved from the analysis were compared to its maximum contamination levels (MCLs) based on the health-based guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO standards were used as an attribute to determine the sources of contaminants likely to be present at the study site. A degradation trend in drinking water quality in the context of climate change may lead to potential health impacts. Hence, it is important to understand seasonal variations in drinking water quality. A proper understanding of the drinking water quality through seasonal water analysis for nitrate, nitrite, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine content as well as its microbiological presence to reduce preventable risks such as using calculated amounts of fertilisers and upgrading the sewerage system to alleviate drinking water contamination is devised through this study.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ardabil Province, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5179
Author(s):  
Reza Aghlmand ◽  
Saeed Rasi Nezami ◽  
Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Study Region

In recent years, in addition to water resources’ quantity, their quality has also received much attention. In this study, the quality of the urban water distribution network in northwestern Iran was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI) method. Then, some important trace elements were investigated, and finally, the health risk assessment was evaluated for both carcinogenic elements (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and As) and non-carcinogenic elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, F, NO3, and Cu) using carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. In the present study, the WQI was calculated based on both World Health Organization (WHO) and Iranian drinking water standards. Comparing the results of these standards revealed that the WQI based on the Iranian standard was slightly higher. Regarding the calculated WQI for the study region, the status of water quality for drinking consumption is in the good water quality class (25 < WQI < 50). It was observed that Cu and Cd have the highest and lowest concentrations in all sampling points, respectively. Hazard Index (HI) results showed that the non-carcinogenic substances studied had a low risk for both adults and children (<1.0). However, the CR results showed that Ni, Cd, and As were above the desired level for both children and adults. The results of this study can be applied for efficient water management and human health protection programs in the study area.

Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardar Khan ◽  
Maria Shahnaz ◽  
Noor Jehan ◽  
Shafiqur Rehman ◽  
M. Tahir Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Drinking Water Quality

scholarly journals Drinking water quality in schools of the Santarém region, Amazon, Brazil, and health implications for school children

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Smidt Celere Meschede ◽  
Bernardino Ribeiro Figueiredo ◽  
Renato Igor da silva Alves ◽  
Susana Inés Segura-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
School Children ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Aluminium Content ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations

The quality of drinking water and its health implications for school children were examined at schools in the Santarém region, Amazon, Brazil. In this region, the population is fully supplied by groundwater from the voluminous Alter do Chão aquifer. Drinking water samples from three schools in Santarem city and from one school at the rural Mojuí dos Campos town were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical compositional analyses. The health risk of human exposure to chemical compounds through water intake was also evaluated. The results indicated that most water samples were contaminated with total coliform and with E. coli, which could cause serious intestinal disorders for school children. Drinking water was acidic and most of the chemical element concentrations were within Brazilian water potability recommended levels. One exception was the high aluminium content in schools from Santarem served by shallower wells, suggesting that further epidemiological studies are necessary and the monitoring of exposed school children should not be discarded. Elevated nitrate concentrations were also noted in schools from Santarém with shallower wells, indicating lack of sanitation and the importance of periodic monitoring of drinking water to prevent adverse health effects. Quantification of human health risk indicated a hazard in schools served by shallower wells, with aluminium as the main pollutant, followed by nitrate. The results showed that most drinking water quality parameters are in accordance with Brazilian legislation. However, microbiological contamination, water acidity, aluminium and nitrate concentrations must be taken into consideration for local governments in order to prevent related diseases among school children.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens in Surface Waters in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the Potential Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in These Waters

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 2069-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Schets ◽  
J. H. van Wijnen ◽  
J. F. Schijven ◽  
H. Schoon ◽  
A. M. de Roda Husman
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Estimated Risk

ABSTRACT The water in the canals and some recreational lakes in Amsterdam is microbiologically contaminated through the discharge of raw sewage from houseboats, sewage effluent, and dog and bird feces. Exposure to these waters may have negative health effects. During two successive 1-year study periods, the water quality in two canals (2003 to 2004) and five recreational lakes (2004 to 2005) in Amsterdam was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and waterborne pathogens. According to Bathing Water Directive 2006/7/EC, based on Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococcus counts, water quality in the canals was poor but was classified as excellent in the recreational lakes. Campylobacter, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia were detected in the canals, as was rotavirus, norovirus, and enterovirus RNA. Low numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in the recreational lakes, despite compliance with European bathing water legislation. The estimated risk of infection with Cryptosporidium and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 0.0002 to 0.007% and 0.04 to 0.2%, respectively, for occupational divers professionally exposed to canal water. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to incidental peak concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 0.01% and 1%, respectively, for people who accidentally swallow larger volumes of the canal water than the divers. Low levels of viable waterborne pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, pose a possible health risk from occupational, accidental, and recreational exposure to surface waters in Amsterdam.

Integrated approach to quality indices and health risk assessment of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal, Fayoum, Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed E.M. Hassouna ◽  
Mohamed E. Goher ◽  
Seliem M. El-Sayed ◽  
Reda A.A.A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Aquatic Life

Abstract The Bahr Yusuf Canal is the life artery of the Fayoum Province, which provides the province with two thirds of the freshwater quota from the Nile River. The present work was carried out to assess the suitability of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal for various purposes and to assess the potential health risk associated with metal content. The results showed that the water quality of Bahr Yusuf was classified as poor and very poor for recreational use according to the Oregon WQI. On the other hand, the Aquatic Toxicity Index indicated the suitability of water for all fish species. The Canadian WQI and the Weighted Arithmetic WQI classified the canal water as good (WQI = 92), fair (WQI = 73) & marginal (WQI = 64) and excellent, poor to good & good to excellent for irrigation, drinking and aquatic life, respectively. Despite the significant contamination of water with heavy metals (as indicated by the Heavy Pollution Index, ranging from 104.44 to 206.32, from 16.81 to 38.48 and from 219.07 to 472.24 μg l−1), the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Hazard Index (HI) data indicate that water of Bahr Yusuf does not pose a human health risk through ingestion or dermal contact. In general, the study showed that water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal is characterized by different levels of pollution, which requires rapid and critical intervention by responsible authorities to prevent the discharge of different types of waste and further deterioration of the water quality during the lifetime of the channel and its subsequent rehabilitation.

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