scholarly journals Environmental health aspects of drinking water-borne outbreak due to karst flooding: case study

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyula Dura ◽  
Tamás Pándics ◽  
Mihály Kádár ◽  
Katalin Krisztalovics ◽  
Zoltánné Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Karstic Water

Climate change may increase the incidence of waterborne diseases due to extreme rainfall events, and consequent microbiological contamination of the water source and supply. As a result of the complexity of the pathways from the surface to the consumer, it is difficult to detect an association between rainfall and human disease. The water supply of a Hungarian city, Miskolc (174,000 inhabitant), is mainly based on karstic water, a vulnerable underground water body. A large amount of precipitation fell on the catchment area of the karstic water source, causing an unusually strong karstic water flow and flooding, and subsequent microbiological contamination. The presence of several potential sources of contamination in the protective zone of the karstic water source should be emphasized. The water supplier was unprepared to treat the risk of waterborne outbreak caused by an extreme weather event. Public health intervention and hygienic measures were taken in line with epidemiological actions, focusing on the protection of consumers by providing safe drinking water. The contamination was identified, and measures were taken for risk reduction and prevention. This case study underlines the increasing importance of preparedness for extreme water events in order to protect the karstic water sources and to avoid waterborne outbreaks.

scholarly journals Self-Supply Service Level Assessment as Drinking Water Source in Bekasi City (Case Study: Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga Villages)

2021 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Aprilia Harera ◽  
Gita Lestari Putri ◽  
Tim Foster
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Monthly Survey

Drinking water sources derived from groundwater using selfsupply approaches are widely used in Bekasi City because only 26.8% of households are connected to the piped distribution. These self-supplied water systems can be assessed to determine how people choose a better drinking source. Therefore, this study aims to assess the service level attributes of self-supply, including accessibility, availability, and quality. A longitudinal monitoring method by means of a monthly survey to respondents was used to mens perceptions of taste, smell, color, availability, and safety. The results on both household and citywide scale showed boreholes were perceived to deliver a high service level. On the household scale, 93% of boreholes user got ‘high’ score for water service assessment, while dug wells were only 76%. During the 8 months survey, it was shown that 45% of respondents change their main source of drinking water from self-supply to other source for several reasons. Therefore, this study is expected to provide an overview related to the resilience of selfsupply drinking water for a certain period.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rainfall-Triggered Debris Flows under the Impact of Extreme Events: A Chenyulan Watershed Case Study, Taiwan

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2201
Author(s):  
Jinn-Chyi Chen ◽  
Wen-Shun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Event ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Hourly Rainfall ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the conditions that lead to debris flows, and their association with the rainfall return period (T) and the probability of debris flow occurrence (P) in the Chenyulan watershed, central Taiwan. Several extreme events have occurred in the Chenyulan watershed in the past, including the Chi-Chi earthquake and extreme rainfall events. The T for three rainfall indexes (i.e., the maximum hourly rainfall depth (Im), the maximum 24-h rainfall amount (Rd), and RI (RI = Im× Rd)) were analyzed, and the T associated with the triggering of debris flows is presented. The P–T relationship can be determined using three indexes, Im, Rd, and RI; how it is affected and unaffected by extreme events was developed. Models for evaluating P using the three rainfall indexes were proposed and used to evaluate P between 2009 and 2020 (i.e., after the extreme rainfall event of Typhoon Morakot in 2009). The results of this study showed that the P‒T relationship, using the RI or Rd index, was reasonable for predicting the probability of debris flow occurrence.

scholarly journals An outbreak of tularemia in southwestern Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 812-817
Author(s):  
Murat Kutlu ◽  
Çağrı Ergin ◽  
Aynur Karadenizli ◽  
Selda Sayın Kutlu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Outbreak Investigation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
The People ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Village

Introduction: Tularemia has reemerged and spread throughout Turkey, and the number of cases has increased. In this study, we report on a waterborne outbreak of tularemia in the spring of 2013 in a region which was previously disease-free, and we investigated the reasons for the outbreak. Methodology: The index case, a 17-year-old male, was diagnosed with oropharyngeal tularemia. An outbreak investigation was initiated after receiving information from other patients with similar symptoms from the same village along with Balkıca, Tavas, and Denizli. An epidemiological and environmental investigation was conducted. Tonsil swab specimens/lymph node aspirates collected from patients, and water samples collected from unchlorinated drinking water sources, were cultured. Additionally, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on these samples. Serum samples from patients were analyzed for antibody response. Results: A total of 7 patients were found in this outbreak investigation. The attack rate was found to be 1% among the people of the village and 25% among patients’ family members. The drinking-water system was contaminated with F. tularensis during this outbreak. Conclusions: Lack of appropriate water infrastructure and sanitation was the primary reason for this tularemia outbreak in Turkey. Improving the water source infrastructure and sanitation should be the primary approach to preventing tularemia outbreaks.

scholarly journals Hydraulic characteristics of stepped spillway dropshafts for urban deep tunnel drainage systems: the case study of Chengdu city

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 1538-1548
Author(s):  
Lei Liao ◽  
Ruidong An ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Wenmin Yi ◽  
Xiaofan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Stepped Spillway ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Deep Tunnel ◽  
Hydraulic Characteristics ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Fluctuating Pressure ◽  
Air Explosion

Abstract Cities in southwestern China experience urban drainage and overflow pollution after extreme rainfall events, which are major problems. In this study, a type of stepped spillway dropshaft suitable for drainage by deep tunnels in Chengdu was proposed and the hydraulic characteristics were investigated experimentally. The results showed that the nappe flow and strong turbulent deflected jet flow in the stepped spillway allowed the dropshaft to greatly dissipate energy. According to the distribution of the time-averaged pressure on the steps, the flow on the steps could be divided into a recirculating region, a wall-impinging region and a mixing region. The time-averaged pressure on the outside of the step was higher than that on the inside due to the centrifugal force effect of the water. The fluctuating pressure distribution of the step approximated the normal distribution. It was acceptable to calculate the minimum pressure with 3 times the root mean square (RMS). The vibration of the flow on the stepped spillway did not resonate with the step. When the outflow tunnel was under submerged outflow conditions, the aeration in the stepped spillway was exhausted through air holes and only a small amount of air entered the outflow tunnel, thereby avoiding an air explosion.

Analysis of households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases in Yenagoa, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Odafivwotu Ohwo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Government

Abstract Waterborne diseases have serious implications for public health and socio-economic development; hence, this study analyzes households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases in Yenagoa. The study adopted the survey research design, which involves the administration of a structured questionnaire to 400 sampled households using the stratified and systematic sampling techniques, and direct field observation of households' drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities. Households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases was determined by households' response to five vulnerability drivers (drinking water source, sanitation facility, hygiene, education, and income). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman's rank correlation and a waterborne disease vulnerability (WDV) model. The findings revealed that households in Yenagoa were moderately vulnerable to waterborne diseases as the calculated WDV was 55.65%. The Spearman's correlation coefficients for education with sanitation, drinking water sources and hygiene were 0.75, 1, and 0.6, respectively. This shows that the educational status of households is a major determinant of the choice of water source, sanitation, and hygiene practices. It is therefore recommended that much effort should be made by respective households and the government to improve on the quality of the vulnerability drivers, which have the capacity to reduce households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases in Yenagoa.

scholarly journals Numerical simulation of runoff from extreme rainfall events in a mountain water catchment

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Burguete ◽  
P. García-Navarro ◽  
R. Aliod
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Shallow Water Flow ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Small Reservoir ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Water Catchment

Abstract. A numerical model for unsteady shallow water flow over initially dry areas is applied to a case study in a small drainage area at the Spanish Ebro River basin. Several flood mitigation measures (reforestation, construction of a small reservoir and channelization) are simulated in the model in order to compare different extreme rainfall-runoff scenarios.

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