The effectiveness of means used for water demand control,

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suing-il Choi ◽  
Kyung-suk Min ◽  
Z. Yun
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Demand Control ◽  
Control Water

The amount of water used for municipal, agricultural and industrial purpose has been about 36.6% of total runoff in Korea. The long-term water resources plan by MOCT (Ministry of Construction and Transport) predicted approximately 340 million tons of water shortage in 2011. Based on the prediction, construction of new dam is necessary. The MOE (Ministry of Environment) has established the “Water Demand Control Plan” in the year 2000 to save 790 million tons of water to avoid construction of new dams. In 2003, the MOE evaluated the effectiveness of the Control Plan and declared the Plan was successful in saving about 450 million tons of water per year by several implementation means. The declared achievement has been inspected using the water statistics between 1999 and 2004. The analysis has revealed that the conservation has not been such successful as declared. Actual difference in water production between in 1999 and in 2004 was only around 116 million tons instead of 450 million tons that the MOE announced. Raising water rate and substituting existing faucets for water saving devices might not have any considerable effect in conserving water consumption. Probably the MOE might have saved water through the Control Plan anyway. However, whether the budget has been allocated properly and used efficiently should be attested. If the MOE really want to control water demand, it needs to analyze the effectiveness of implementation means.

Water rate to manage residential water demand with seasonality: peak-load pricing and increasing block rates approach

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 930-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Molinos-Senante
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Seasonal Demand ◽  
Tourist Town ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Variable Water

A strong seasonal demand for water occurs in many tourist areas, which might exacerbate the water shortage problems. Water pricing is a key instrument for water use management; therefore, the objective of this work was to design a variable water rate to examine the seasonal water demand in water-scarce regions. The proposed water rate combines the peak-load pricing (PLP) and increasing block rate (IBR) strategies. PLP results in full cost recovery of urban water services; however, IBRs penalise excessive water consumption. Moreover, the proposed water rate structure allocates the costs among users depending on their consumption. Subsequently, an empirical application was developed for a Spanish tourist town illustrating the usefulness of the water rate proposed. In conclusion, the combination of the PLP and IBR approaches is a useful water-pricing strategy for increasing the sustainability of the urban water supply under the conditions of seasonal water demand and water shortage.

scholarly journals Assessment of Drought Severity and Vulnerability in the Lam Phaniang River Basin, Thailand

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2743
Author(s):  
Kittiwet Kuntiyawichai ◽  
Sarayut Wongsasri
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
Rcp 8.5

The Lam Phaniang River Basin is one of the areas in Northeast Thailand that experiences persistent drought almost every year. Therefore, this study was focused on the assessment of drought severity and vulnerability in the Lam Phaniang River Basin. The evaluation of drought severity was based on the Drought Hazard Index (DHI), which was derived from the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) calculated for 3-month (short-term), 12-month (intermediate-term), and 24-month (long-term) periods. Drought vulnerability was assessed by the Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI), which relied on water shortage, water demand, and runoff calculated from the WEAP model, and the Gross Provincial Product (GPP) data. A drought risk map was generated by multiplying the DHI and DVI indices, and the drought risk level was then defined afterwards. The CNRM-CM5, EC-EARTH, and NorESM1-M global climate simulations, and the TerrSet software were used to evaluate the potential impacts of future climate under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5, and land use during 2021–2100, respectively. The main findings compared to baseline (2000–2017) revealed that the average results of future rainfall, and maximum and minimum temperatures were expected to increase by 1.41 mm, and 0.015 °C/year and 0.019 °C/year, respectively, under RCP 4.5 and by 2.72 mm, and 0.034 °C/year and 0.044 °C/year, respectively, under RCP 8.5. During 2061–2080 under RCP 8.5, the future annual water demand and water shortage were projected to decrease by a maximum of 31.81% and 51.61%, respectively. Obviously, in the Lam Phaniang River Basin, the upper and lower parts were mainly dominated by low and moderate drought risk levels at all time scales under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5. Focusing on the central part, from 2021–2040, a very high risk of intermediate- and long-term droughts under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 dominated, and occurred under RCP 8.5 from 2041–2060. From 2061 to 2080, at all time scales, the highest risk was identified under RCP 4.5, while low and moderate levels were found under RCP 8.5. From 2081–2100, the central region was found to be at low and moderate risk at all time scales under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5. Eventually, the obtained findings will enable stakeholders to formulate better proactive drought monitoring, so that preparedness, adaptation, and resilience to droughts can be strengthened.

Long-Term CSO Control Plan for the Pittsburgh Water & Sewer Authority (PWSA)

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-751
Author(s):  
David R. Bingham ◽  
Michael D. Lichte ◽  
John Shannon ◽  
Anthony Igwe
Keyword(s):  
Control Plan

scholarly journals Medicaid Long-Term Care Expenditures in Fiscal Year 2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Burwell
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Year 2000

Rising ecosystem water demand exacerbates the lengthening of tropical dry seasons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Xu ◽  
Xu Lian ◽  
Ingrid Slette ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Factor Governing

Abstract The timing and length of the dry season is a key factor governing ecosystem productivity and the carbon cycle of the tropics. Mounting evidence has suggested a lengthening of the dry season with ongoing climate change. However, this conclusion is largely based on changes in precipitation (P) compared to its long-term average (P ̅) and lacks consideration of the simultaneous changes in ecosystem water demand (measured by potential evapotranspiration, Ep, or actual evapotranspiration, E). Using several long-term (1979-2018) observational datasets, we compared changes in tropical dry season length (DSL) and timing (dry season arrival, DSA, and dry season end, DSE) among three common metrics used to define the dry season: P < P ̅, P < Ep, and P < E. We found that all three definitions show that dry seasons have lengthened in much of the tropics since 1979. Among the three definitions, P < E estimates the largest fraction (49.0%) of tropical land area likely experiencing longer dry seasons, followed by P < Ep (41.4%) and P < P ̅ (34.4%). The largest differences in multi-year mean DSL (> 120 days) among the three definitions occurred in the most arid and the most humid regions of the tropics. All definitions and datasets consistently showed longer dry seasons in southern Amazon (due to delayed DSE) and central Africa (due to both earlier DSA and delayed DSE). However, definitions that account for changing water demand estimated longer DSL extension over those two regions. These results indicate that warming-enhanced evapotranspiration exacerbates dry season lengthening and ecosystem water deficit. Thus, it is necessity to account for the evolving water demand of tropical ecosystems when characterizing changes in seasonal dry periods and ecosystem water deficits in an increasingly warmer and drier climate.

Long-term urban growth and water demand in Asia

2008 ◽  
pp. 483-489
Author(s):  
Shinji Kaneko ◽  
Karen Ann B. Jago-on
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Water Demand
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