A Review of Water Reuse and Recycling, with Reference to Canadian Practice and Potential: 1. Incentives and Implementation

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Exall ◽  
Jiri Marsalek ◽  
Karl Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract As a country on the whole, Canada enjoys abundant freshwater resources, yet there remain regions with severe discrepancies between supply and demand. One solution to insufficient water supplies that has been gaining in popularity in other areas of the world is that of water reuse. Reuse or recycling of treated wastewater reduces effluent discharges into receiving waters and offers a reliable alternative supply of water for applications that do not require high-quality water, freeing up limited potable water resources. As compared to other countries worldwide, water reuse is currently practised infrequently in Canada. Use of reclaimed water requires a clear definition of the quality of water required, and while water quality criteria typically focus on pathogen risk to human health, chemical contaminants may also limit suitability for some reuse applications. Both health and environmental risk assessments are important steps in designing criteria for reuse projects. Alberta and British Columbia have recently produced guidance documents for water reuse projects; the permitted applications are discussed and the water quality criteria are compared with other standards and guidelines. Various treatment technologies for on-site and central wastewater reclamation facilities are described. Additional considerations for implementation of water reuse projects include project feasibility and planning, infrastructure needs, economics, and public acceptance.

scholarly journals Review of water quality criteria for water reuse and risk-based implications for irrigated produce under the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, produce safety rule

2019 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 616-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Channah M. Rock ◽  
Natalie Brassill ◽  
Jessica L. Dery ◽  
Dametreea Carr ◽  
Jean E. McLain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Produce Safety ◽  
Safety Rule

Quality Criteria for Reclaimed Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Crook
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Health Related

The applicability of reclaimed water for any particular use depends on its physical, chemical, and microbiological quality. The effects of physical and chemical parameters for nonpotable uses of reclaimed water are, for the most part, well understood and criteria have been established. Health-related microbiological limits are more difficult to quantify, as evidenced by widely varying standards and guidelines throughout the world. This paper presents existing reclaimed water quality limits for various uses, and compares the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria, which are typical of health-related standards in industrialized countries, to WHO guidelines, which are directed principally at developing countries. The California regulations are considerably more restrictive than the WHO guidelines. Because of unknowns concerning the presence, identification, concentration, and health significance of many chemical constituents that may be in reclaimed water, quality criteria for potable reuse are not well developed and are not addressed in this paper.

scholarly journals Setting water quality criteria for agricultural water reuse purposes

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Müller ◽  
P. Cornel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

The use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation is practiced worldwide and will increase in the future. The definition of water quality limits is a useful instrument for the assessment of water quality regarding its suitability for irrigation purposes and the performance of wastewater treatment steps. This study elaborates water quality objectives for a water reuse project in a setting where national guidelines do not exist. Internationally established guidelines are therefore applied to the local context. Additional limits for turbidity, total suspended solids, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and potassium are suggested to meet the requirements of water reuse projects. Emphasis is put on water quality requirements prior to UV disinfection and nutrient requirements of cultivated crops. The presented values can be of assistance when monitoring reclaimed water quality. To facilitate the realization of water reuse projects, comprehensive and more detailed information, in particular on water quality requirements prior to disinfection steps, should be provided as well as regarding the protection of the irrigation infrastructure.

Wastewater retreatment and reuse system for agricultural irrigation in rural villages

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1961-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyoung Kim ◽  
Hyejin Lee ◽  
Minkyeong Kim ◽  
Donghyeon Kang ◽  
Dongeok Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Reuse System

Climate changes and continuous population growth increase water demands that will not be met by traditional water resources, like surface and ground water. To handle increased water demand, treated municipal wastewater is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to enhance the effluent quality from worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages, retreat effluent to meet water quality criteria for irrigation, and assess any health-related and environmental impacts from using retreated wastewater irrigation on crops and in soil. We developed the compact wastewater retreatment and reuse system (WRRS), equipped with filters, ultraviolet light, and bubble elements. A pilot greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate lettuce growth patterns and quantify the heavy metal concentration and pathogenic microorganisms on lettuce and in soil after irrigating with tap water, treated wastewater, and WRRS retreated wastewater. The purification performance of each WRRS component was also assessed. The study findings revealed that existing worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages could meet the water quality criteria for treated effluent and also reuse retreated wastewater for crop growth and other miscellaneous agricultural purposes.

Volume Analysis for Attainability of Water Quality Criteria for Three Loading Constituents

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Wang ◽  
Lewis Linker ◽  
James Collier ◽  
Gary Shenk ◽  
Robert Koroncai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Volume Analysis

Developing Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Mercury: A Probabilistic Site-Specific Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (0) ◽  
pp. 9781780404028-9781780404028
Author(s):  
D. R. J. Moore ◽  
A. Pawlisz ◽  
R. Scott Teed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Specific Approach

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

scholarly journals The use of mathematical modelling to analyse the process of mixing waters from different sources in water supply system

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 00025
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Szuster – Janiaczyk ◽  
Rafał Brodziak ◽  
Jędrzej Bylka
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Network Control ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Water Mains ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Mixing Water

One of the processes that significantly determines the quality of water to consumers is the process of mixing water from different sources in the water mains. Put to the network two or more chemically and biologically stable waters may result in the formation of water that will be deprived of these features. This article presents the german guidelines for analysing water quality for mixing waters from different sources, in various proportions. Then performed an analysis of utility the mathematical models,including quality criteria, for use in network control. An IT tool has been developed to manage selected water quality processes using mathematical modeling. The basis for implementing the tool was a network model created in Epanet integrated with the Matlab.

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