Feasibility of solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment systems for rural water supply in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1758-1766
Author(s):  
Chun Ming Chew ◽  
K. M. David Ng
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Solar Powered

Abstract According to the World Bank's collection of development indicators, in 2017 approximately 25% of Malaysia's population were living in rural villages. Some of these villages are currently without electricity from the national grid and public piped water supply. In this study, a solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment system was installed at a rural village in Perak, Malaysia, to identify its feasibility. The ultrafiltration system was evaluated and compared with a conventional sand/media filtration water treatment system at the same location. Various aspects of both systems such as operational parameters, life-cycle cost and carbon emissions have been analyzed under this study. The distinct advantages of the ultrafiltration system include better filtrate turbidity quality (below 0.4 NTU), and lower operational cost and carbon emission. By utilizing a cross-flow filtration operation mode, the UF system does not require a daily intermittent backwash sequence, unlike the conventional system, to further simplify the daily operational routine. Accessibility of clean water supply for all has been heavily emphasized by the United Nations General Assembly (under sustainable development goal number 6) to ensure public health. This comprehensive study highlights the feasibilities of solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment systems for rural villages in Malaysia.

A 17-Month Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Water Treatment System to Control Legionella Species in a Hospital Water Supply

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Srinivasan ◽  
Gregory Bova ◽  
Tracy Ross ◽  
Karen Mackie ◽  
Nicholas Paquette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Legionella Species

AbstractObjective:To assess the safety and efficacy of a chlorine dioxide water treatment system in controlling Legionella in a hospital water supply.Design:For 17 months following installation of the system, we performed regular water cultures throughout the building, assessed chlorine dioxide and chlorite levels, and monitored metal corrosion.Results:Sites that grew Legionella species decreased from 41% at baseline to 4% (P = .001). L. anisa was the only species recovered and it was found in samples of both hot and cold water. Levels of chlorine dioxide and chlorite were below Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits for these chemicals in potable water. Further, enhanced carbon filtration effectively removed the chemicals, even at chlorine dioxide levels of more than twice what was used to treat the water. After 9 months, corrosion of copper test strips exposed to the chlorine dioxide was not higher than that of control strips. During the evaluation period, there were no cases of nosocomial Legionella in the building with the system, whereas there was one case in another building.Conclusions:Our results indicate that operation of a chlorine dioxide system effectively removed Legionella species from a hospital water supply. Furthermore, we found that the system was safe, as levels of chlorine dioxide and chlorite were below EPA limits. The system did not appear to cause increased corrosion of copper pipes. Our results indicate that chlorine dioxide may hold promise as a solution to the problem of Legionella contamination of hospital water supplies.

scholarly journals APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI PENGADAAN AIR BERSIH DI EMPAT DESA TERTINGGAL DI BENGKULU SELATAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrus Nugro Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Coral Sand ◽  
The Media

In County South Bengkulu there are 4 villages classified into poor villages. Those villages do not have some principal facilities yet, such as clean water supply system and electricity. To fulfill clean water need, the people use shallow groundwater which has very bad quality. The groundwater contains Fe (1.7 ppm) and Mn (0.7 ppm). The contents are much more than the standard quality allowed by WHO. The groundwater colour is also a little bit brown. To deal with those problems, BPPT (Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology) has tried to apply a water treatment system which is supported by a solar cell system producing the electricity. The electric energy is used for pumping the groundwater. The water treatment has a mainly important process which is accommodated in a multy media filter. The media include coarse coral, find coral, sand silica, manganese zeolite and activated carbon. The media filter can reduce the contaminants (Fe Mn) and remove the odour effectively. The complete water treatment system has been applied successfully in the 4 villages (one for each village).    Keywords : Clean Water Supply Technology.

scholarly journals Decentralized solar-powered drinking water ozonation in Western Kenya: an evaluation of disinfection efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Colin Hendrickson ◽  
Jared Oremo ◽  
Oscar Oluoch Akello ◽  
Simon Bunde ◽  
Isaac Rayola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Solar Powered

 Background: Decentralized drinking water treatment methods generally apply membrane-based treatment approaches. Ozonation of drinking water, which previously has only been possible at large centralized facilities, can now be accomplished on a small-scale using microplasma technology. The efficacy of decentralized solar-powered drinking water treatment systems has not previously been described. Methods: We established a 1,000L decentralized solar-powered water treatment system located in Kisumu County, Kenya. Highly contaminated surface water is pumped to the treatment system, which includes flocculation and filtration steps prior to ozonation. Turbidity, total coliform bacteria, and E. coli were measured at various stages of water treatment, and bacterial log reduction values (LRVs) were calculated. Results: Forty-seven trials were conducted in which1000L of water were flocculated, filtered, and ozonated for 180 minutes. Baseline turbidity and E. coli concentrations were reduced from a median of 238 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and 2,419.7 most probable number/100mL, respectively, in surface water to 1.0 NTU and undetectable E. coli after ozonation for 180 minutes. The median E. coli LRV was 3.99. Conclusions: The solar-powered, decentralized water treatment system that utilizes ozonation for disinfection was founded to reduce E. coli by more than 3 log-orders of magnitude despite the high turbidity of the raw water. Further research is needed to characterize limitations, scalability, economic viability, and community perspectives that could help determine the role for similar systems in other settings.

Numerical Estimation of Hollow Fiber Membrane for Mobile Water Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmin Bolong ◽  
Rosdianah Ramli ◽  
Janice Lynn Ayog ◽  
Abu Zahrim Yasser
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Fiber Membrane ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Mobile Water

In the application of water treatment system, membrane has gained favour in the industry as well as in the research field. In pressure-driven category, ultrafiltration membrane with pore size of 3 to 10 nm is one of the choices for water treatment application. With the advantages of being compacted and self-supporting, hollow fiber membrane configuration has been widely used as ultrafiltration membrane. This is an important feature for a mobile water treatment system developed in this work. The mobile water treatment system is investigated in terms of its operational performance focusing for simple setup configuration. Mobility of the membrane treatment system in this work is aim to develop a stand-alone membrane water treatment system that can operates without electricity. Therefore, the system targeted to be a self-sufficient in rural areas where electricity and delivery of spare parts are difficult. A membrane filtration system with outside-in hollow fiber membrane is developed.  The numerical approach of Response Surface Method (RSM) is used to estimate and optimize the flux performance in this work. The operating conditions i.e transmembrane pressure (TMP) as well as the local condition (water temperature) were considered in the numerical estimation. The initial numerical estimation found that the developed mobile system has permeate flux range from 0.422 L/m2h up to 3.035 L/m2h for local temperature of 20˚C to 35˚C and further optimization were discussed in this study.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Efficacy of Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems Using the Water Quality Index in Rural Southwest China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
Zejin Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xi Hu ◽  
Kexin Li ◽  
Pengfei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Service Time ◽  
Filter Element ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Point Of Use

Rural China faces a shortage of safe drinking water. There are significant challenges associated with small centralized water supply systems and decentralized water supply systems. Many rural residents use point-of-use water treatment systems to ensure the safety of their drinking water. The actual water purification effect and applicability of these water treatment systems in small centralized and decentralized water supply systems need to be determined urgently. In this study, the water quality index (WQI) method was applied for the first time in rural areas to evaluate the effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment systems. A total of 67 reverse osmosis water treatment systems were tested. The rate of compliance with drinking water standards of the decentralized water supply was low (37%). Compared with untreated water, the use of a reverse osmosis water treatment system improved the rate of compliance with drinking water standards, but this effect was not satisfactory (8%). Among the factors potentially affecting the purified water quality of point-of-use water treatment systems (e.g., service time of the water treatment system, service time of the filter element, and type of water source), the service time of the filter element had the most significant influence on the water quality. If the filter element had not been replaced for a long period, the removal effect of the water treatment system on the total hardness, sulfide, copper, and ammonia nitrogen was significantly affected, reducing the quality of the purified water. To ensure the safety of drinking water, it is recommended to replace the filter element of a reverse osmosis water treatment system at least once a year.

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