Characters of chloramine decay in large looped water distribution system – the case of Tianjin, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1474-1483
Author(s):  
Kai Ma ◽  
Jiankun Hu ◽  
Hongda Han ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Large City ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Chlorine Residual

Abstract In the water distribution system of a large city, chloramine could experience rapid decay as residence time extends, which may further threaten drinking water safety. A correlation analysis was conducted between the total chlorine residual of four sites on the distribution system and the water quality of the corresponding water treatment plant with data from 2016 to 2018 for the city of Tianjin. The results showed that the total chlorine residuals of all sites were negatively correlated with the temperature of the treated water, while the total chlorine residual of pipeline water did not uniformly correlate with that of the treated water. Further, a chloramine decay calculation study showed that pipe wall-induced decay contributes a lot of chloramine losses by conducting Total Chloramine Decay Model (TCDM) calibration with the monitored data. Hence, increasing the total chlorine residual of treated water, especially in the hot season, may not effectively maintain the disinfectant concentration at an ideal level.

scholarly journals Cascading effects of cyber-attacks on interconnected critical infrastructure

Cybersecurity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Reddy Palleti ◽  
Sridhar Adepu ◽  
Vishrut Kumar Mishra ◽  
Aditya Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Cascading Effects

AbstractModern critical infrastructure, such as a water treatment plant, water distribution system, and power grid, are representative of Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) in which the physical processes are monitored and controlled in real time. One source of complexity in such systems is due to the intra-system interactions and inter-dependencies. Consequently, these systems are a potential target for attackers. When one or more of these infrastructure are attacked, the connected systems may also be affected due to potential cascading effects. In this paper, we report a study to investigate the cascading effects of cyber-attacks on two interdependent critical infrastructure namely, a Secure water treatment plant (SWaT) and a Water Distribution System (WADI).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Reservoir performance Clean Water Distribution in Putat Gede Graha Family

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Swanata ◽  
M Ikhsan Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Network System ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Reservoir Performance ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Living Things

Water is one of the natural resources that is very important for the life of living things, and even becomes the main life for humans. With the existing treatment system and piping network system, Surya Sembada PDAM is expected to be able to meet the community’s clean water needs in Surabaya city. One og crucial things is the performance of reservoir in piped water distribution system from the clean water treatment plant. This study aims to evaluate the reservoir performance of the Surabaya PDAM, specifically the performance of Putat Gede reservoir, which is a distribution reservoir that serves the distribution of clean water to Graha Family Surabaya city. In this study Epanet 2.0 software was used as a hydrodynamic modelling tool. Based on the simulation result, at peak hours 07.00 a.m. reservoir Putat Gede is able to serve the community’s clean water needs. The farthest node has the lowest pressure of 15,45 m, and the lowest water level of the reservoir Putat Gede occurs at 09.00 a.m. which is 3 m. In general, the reservoir is still able to meet community’s clean water needs, especially during peak hours.

Natural Organic Matter and Disinfectant By-Products (DBPs) Formation Potential in Agriculture Area in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 513-518
Author(s):  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz ◽  
Mohd Suffian Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
By Products

Natural organic matter (NOM) in water reacts with chlorine or other disinfectants and form hazardous disinfectant by-products (DBPs). This study aimed to detect the presence of NOM in a conventional water distribution system using UV absorbance at 254 nm as a surrogate. Two water treatment plants were selected, namely, Jalan Baharu Water Treatment Plant (JBWTP) and Lubok Buntar Water Treatment Plant (LBWTP). Aside from determining the amount of NOM, the reduction of UV254after completing the series of treatments (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) was also observed. The presence of UV254in both raw water and treated water samples confirmed the presence of NOM. The concentration of UV254recorded at JBWTP and LBWTP were 0.14 and 0.13 cm−1, respectively. After the treatment processes, the concentration was reduced to 0.04 cm−1for JBWTP and 0.03 cm−1for LBWTP. These results indicated that the water supply in both plants contains DBP precursors and implied the possibility of DBP formation in the system. Moreover, the percentage reduction of UV254recorded were 69% and 75% for JBWTP and LBWTP, respectively.

scholarly journals Comparing Ozonation and Biofiltration Treatment of Source Water with High Cyanobacteria-Derived Organic Matter: The Case of a Water Treatment Plant Followed by a Small-Scale Water Distribution System

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Chieh Chien ◽  
Sheng-Pei Wu ◽  
Hsien-Chun Ke ◽  
Shang-Lien Lo ◽  
Hsin-hsin Tung
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Source Water

High cyanobacteria-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in source water can cause drinking water quality to deteriorate, producing bad taste, odor, toxins, and possibly elevated levels of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. Conventional water treatment processes do not effectively remove algal organic substances. In this study, rapid-sand-filtration effluent from a water treatment plant on Kinmen Island, where serious cyanobacterial blooms occurred, was used to evaluate the DOC- and DBP-removal efficiency of ozonation and/or biofiltration. To simulate a small-scale water distribution system following water treatment, 24 h simulated distribution system (SDS) tests were conducted. The following DBPs were analyzed: trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). Applying biological activated-carbon filtration (BAC) on its own achieved the greatest reduction in SDS-DBPs. Ozonation alone caused adverse effects by promoting THM, HAA, and TCNM formation. Ozonation and BAC filtration yielded better DOC removal (51%) than BAC filtration alone (41%). Considering the cost of ozonation, we suggest that when treating high cyanobacterial organic matter in water destined for a small-scale water distribution system, BAC biofiltration alone could be an efficient, economical option for reducing DBP precursors. If DOC removal needs to be improved, preceding ozonation could be incorporated.

scholarly journals Pipe enlargement to satisfy concentration-time product for in-system disinfection in a water distribution system

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Margaret Neff ◽  
Brian D. Barkdoll
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Concentration Levels

C*t is used as a metric for disinfection in a water treatment plant while inside a distribution system, the concentration alone is used. For systems without a treatment plant, however, chlorine may be added in the upstream portion of the system to disinfect water. Therefore, disinfection is increased at higher chlorine concentration levels but also with enough contact time to completely disinfect the water. Therefore the use of the C*t product as a metric in the distribution system, if no upstream treatment exists, is explored here through computer modeling. The network solver EPANET was used to simulate the C*t product using water age in a method introduced here. It was found in a demonstration project that increasing the mainline pipe diameter allows the water to slow down enough to allow the C*t product to fully disinfect the water prior to reaching the first users. Specifically, for the demonstration system analyzed, an 8-inch (203 mm) mainline diameter requires 1.0 mg/L of chorine addition at the upstream end to fully disinfect the water. This shows promise for the use of pipe enlargement as a disinfection method for systems with no water treatment plant.

Water treatment to reduce internal corrosion in the drinking water distribution system in Oslo

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Hem ◽  
E.A. Vik ◽  
A. Bjørnson-Langen
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Copper Corrosion ◽  
Iron Corrosion ◽  
Internal Corrosion

In 1995 the new Skullerud water treatment plant was put into operation. The new water treatment includes colour removal and corrosion control with an increase of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in addition to the old treatment, which included straining and chlorination only. Comparative measurements of internal corrosion were conducted before and after the installation of the new treatment plant. The effect of the new water treatment on the internal corrosion was approximately a 20% reduction in iron corrosion and a 70% reduction in copper corrosion. The heavy metals content in standing water was reduced by approximately 90%. A separate internal corrosion monitoring programme was conducted, studying the effects of other water qualities on the internal corrosion rate. Corrosion coupons were exposed to the different water qualities for nine months. The results showed that the best protection of iron was achieved with water supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Neither a high content of free carbon dioxide or the use of the corrosion inhibitor sodium silicate significantly reduced the iron corrosion rate compared to the present treated water quality. The copper corrosion rate was mainly related to the pH in the water.

scholarly journals Approach to tap water safety analysis in terms of biostability

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 00005
Author(s):  
Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak ◽  
Dorota Papciak ◽  
Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik ◽  
Andżelika Pietrzyk
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

The subject of the work is the analysis and assessment of the risk of biological instability of water. The lack of water stability causes the increased susceptibility of the distribution system to secondary microbial contamination of water and constitutes a hazard for consumers’ health. The risk is expressed as the loss of water supply safety and distinguishes a failure of not meeting certain water quality parameters that can influence physico-chemical parameters and the bacteriological quality of the water supplied to the consumers. In the paper the method of analysing and evaluating the risk of loss of biostability of tap water is presented. The presented analysis was performed on the basis of the operating data from the water treatment plant.

Rouse Hill – Australia's first full scale domestic non-potable reuse application

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian B. Law
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
North West ◽  
Potable Reuse

There has been increasing interest in reuse of effluent from sewage treatment plants in Australia in recent years, not only for agricultural or land irrigation purposes but also for the provision of dual water supplies to residential areas for the non-potable purposes of toilet flushing, car washing, garden watering and park or other open space irrigation. The Rouse Hill development in the north west of Sydney is Australia's first full scale application of domestic non-potable reuse, with the sewage treatment plant and the dual water distribution system being commissioned in late 1994. This paper describes the Rouse Hill project as a whole including the reasoning behind the installation of the dual water supply system, the design of the sewage treatment plant, the effluent qualities achieved, the design of the dual water distribution system and the requirements of the regulatory authority, the NSW Environmental Protection Authority.

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