scholarly journals Thinking Outside the Treatment Plant: UV for Water Distribution System Disinfection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G. Linden ◽  
Natalie Hull ◽  
Vanessa Speight
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant

Rouse Hill – Australia's first full scale domestic non-potable reuse application

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian B. Law
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
North West ◽  
Potable Reuse

There has been increasing interest in reuse of effluent from sewage treatment plants in Australia in recent years, not only for agricultural or land irrigation purposes but also for the provision of dual water supplies to residential areas for the non-potable purposes of toilet flushing, car washing, garden watering and park or other open space irrigation. The Rouse Hill development in the north west of Sydney is Australia's first full scale application of domestic non-potable reuse, with the sewage treatment plant and the dual water distribution system being commissioned in late 1994. This paper describes the Rouse Hill project as a whole including the reasoning behind the installation of the dual water supply system, the design of the sewage treatment plant, the effluent qualities achieved, the design of the dual water distribution system and the requirements of the regulatory authority, the NSW Environmental Protection Authority.

scholarly journals Cascading effects of cyber-attacks on interconnected critical infrastructure

Cybersecurity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Reddy Palleti ◽  
Sridhar Adepu ◽  
Vishrut Kumar Mishra ◽  
Aditya Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Cascading Effects

AbstractModern critical infrastructure, such as a water treatment plant, water distribution system, and power grid, are representative of Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) in which the physical processes are monitored and controlled in real time. One source of complexity in such systems is due to the intra-system interactions and inter-dependencies. Consequently, these systems are a potential target for attackers. When one or more of these infrastructure are attacked, the connected systems may also be affected due to potential cascading effects. In this paper, we report a study to investigate the cascading effects of cyber-attacks on two interdependent critical infrastructure namely, a Secure water treatment plant (SWaT) and a Water Distribution System (WADI).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Reservoir performance Clean Water Distribution in Putat Gede Graha Family

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Swanata ◽  
M Ikhsan Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Network System ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Reservoir Performance ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Living Things

Water is one of the natural resources that is very important for the life of living things, and even becomes the main life for humans. With the existing treatment system and piping network system, Surya Sembada PDAM is expected to be able to meet the community’s clean water needs in Surabaya city. One og crucial things is the performance of reservoir in piped water distribution system from the clean water treatment plant. This study aims to evaluate the reservoir performance of the Surabaya PDAM, specifically the performance of Putat Gede reservoir, which is a distribution reservoir that serves the distribution of clean water to Graha Family Surabaya city. In this study Epanet 2.0 software was used as a hydrodynamic modelling tool. Based on the simulation result, at peak hours 07.00 a.m. reservoir Putat Gede is able to serve the community’s clean water needs. The farthest node has the lowest pressure of 15,45 m, and the lowest water level of the reservoir Putat Gede occurs at 09.00 a.m. which is 3 m. In general, the reservoir is still able to meet community’s clean water needs, especially during peak hours.

Detection ofAeromonas hydrophilain a drinking- water distribution system: a field and pilot study

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 782-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Chauret ◽  
Christian Volk ◽  
Robin Creason ◽  
John Jarosh ◽  
Jeff Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

A 16-month study was conducted on the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila in drinking water in Indiana, U.S.A. Enumeration was conducted in source water, in various sites within a water treatment plant, and in the distribution system in both bulk water and biofilm, as well as in a simulated (annular reactors) drinking-water distribution system. Presumptive Aeromonas spp. counts on source waters regularly approached 103–104CFU/100 mL, during summer months and granular activated carbon - filtered water counts ranged from <1 to 490 CFU/100 mL. In source water, presumptive Aeromonas levels were related to water temperature. Aeromonas hydrophila was never detected in the treatment plant effluent or distributed bulk water, showing disinfectant efficiency on suspended bacteria; however, isolates of A. hydrophila were identified in 7.7% of the biofilm samples, indicating a potential for regrowth and contamination of drinking-water distribution systems.Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, distribution system, biofilm.

scholarly journals Designing of water distribution system

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Osama Khasraw Mohammed Amin ◽  
Mohammad Zaher Akkad ◽  
Tamás Bányai
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
System Size ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Optimization Schemes

Water distribution system (WDS) aims to distribute water from reservoirs or aqueducts to the end-users. This system is part of the water supply network that carries potable water from a central treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to deliver water sufficiently to meet residential, commercial, industrial, and firefighting requirements. Modern systems aim to solve water distribution systems management problems, such as the lowest cost, and most efficient design by using linear/nonlinear optimization schemes, which are limited by the system size, the number of constraints, and the number of loading conditions. After a literature review for the articles that dealt with this topic, designing two parts of the water distribution system is discussed as a case study in Erbil. Pumps and storage tanks, while optimizing the water distribution system by minimizing the project cost through minimizing the volume of the elevated tank according to the pump working hours.

Natural Organic Matter and Disinfectant By-Products (DBPs) Formation Potential in Agriculture Area in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 513-518
Author(s):  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz ◽  
Mohd Suffian Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
By Products

Natural organic matter (NOM) in water reacts with chlorine or other disinfectants and form hazardous disinfectant by-products (DBPs). This study aimed to detect the presence of NOM in a conventional water distribution system using UV absorbance at 254 nm as a surrogate. Two water treatment plants were selected, namely, Jalan Baharu Water Treatment Plant (JBWTP) and Lubok Buntar Water Treatment Plant (LBWTP). Aside from determining the amount of NOM, the reduction of UV254after completing the series of treatments (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) was also observed. The presence of UV254in both raw water and treated water samples confirmed the presence of NOM. The concentration of UV254recorded at JBWTP and LBWTP were 0.14 and 0.13 cm−1, respectively. After the treatment processes, the concentration was reduced to 0.04 cm−1for JBWTP and 0.03 cm−1for LBWTP. These results indicated that the water supply in both plants contains DBP precursors and implied the possibility of DBP formation in the system. Moreover, the percentage reduction of UV254recorded were 69% and 75% for JBWTP and LBWTP, respectively.

Characters of chloramine decay in large looped water distribution system – the case of Tianjin, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1474-1483
Author(s):  
Kai Ma ◽  
Jiankun Hu ◽  
Hongda Han ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Large City ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Chlorine Residual

Abstract In the water distribution system of a large city, chloramine could experience rapid decay as residence time extends, which may further threaten drinking water safety. A correlation analysis was conducted between the total chlorine residual of four sites on the distribution system and the water quality of the corresponding water treatment plant with data from 2016 to 2018 for the city of Tianjin. The results showed that the total chlorine residuals of all sites were negatively correlated with the temperature of the treated water, while the total chlorine residual of pipeline water did not uniformly correlate with that of the treated water. Further, a chloramine decay calculation study showed that pipe wall-induced decay contributes a lot of chloramine losses by conducting Total Chloramine Decay Model (TCDM) calibration with the monitored data. Hence, increasing the total chlorine residual of treated water, especially in the hot season, may not effectively maintain the disinfectant concentration at an ideal level.

scholarly journals Chlorine Decay Simulation in Water Distribution System Using EPANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Shazwani Muhammad ◽  
◽  
Siew Ming Shin ◽  
Jazuri Abdullah ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Chlorine Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chlorine Decay

Chlorine is used as a disinfectant in the water treatment process so that treated water is delivered safely to consumers. However, chlorine concentration decays when water flows from the treatment plant to the supply point, due to the reaction with natural organic matter and the inner surface of the pipe. Low chlorine concentration may encourage bacteria re-growth, while high chlorine concentration can result in the formation of harmful chemical components. Therefore, this study aims to simulate the complex process of chlorine decay using EPANET. This exercise enables the determination the chlorine concentration dosage required to maintain the desired requirement given by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH). A successful model with an extended period of simulations of 72 hours enable the mapping of spatial and temporal variations of flow and residue chlorine concentrations at all links and nodes. Constant chlorine dosage of 3.96 mg/l at node R1 has successfully satisfy the requirement given by WHO and MOH. The residue chlorine concentrations at the nodes and links in the water distribution system also depends on the water usage at node 5, the size of service reservoir and service tank and distance from the reservoir.

scholarly journals Comparing Ozonation and Biofiltration Treatment of Source Water with High Cyanobacteria-Derived Organic Matter: The Case of a Water Treatment Plant Followed by a Small-Scale Water Distribution System

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Chieh Chien ◽  
Sheng-Pei Wu ◽  
Hsien-Chun Ke ◽  
Shang-Lien Lo ◽  
Hsin-hsin Tung
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Source Water

High cyanobacteria-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in source water can cause drinking water quality to deteriorate, producing bad taste, odor, toxins, and possibly elevated levels of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. Conventional water treatment processes do not effectively remove algal organic substances. In this study, rapid-sand-filtration effluent from a water treatment plant on Kinmen Island, where serious cyanobacterial blooms occurred, was used to evaluate the DOC- and DBP-removal efficiency of ozonation and/or biofiltration. To simulate a small-scale water distribution system following water treatment, 24 h simulated distribution system (SDS) tests were conducted. The following DBPs were analyzed: trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). Applying biological activated-carbon filtration (BAC) on its own achieved the greatest reduction in SDS-DBPs. Ozonation alone caused adverse effects by promoting THM, HAA, and TCNM formation. Ozonation and BAC filtration yielded better DOC removal (51%) than BAC filtration alone (41%). Considering the cost of ozonation, we suggest that when treating high cyanobacterial organic matter in water destined for a small-scale water distribution system, BAC biofiltration alone could be an efficient, economical option for reducing DBP precursors. If DOC removal needs to be improved, preceding ozonation could be incorporated.

scholarly journals Pipe enlargement to satisfy concentration-time product for in-system disinfection in a water distribution system

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Margaret Neff ◽  
Brian D. Barkdoll
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Concentration Levels

C*t is used as a metric for disinfection in a water treatment plant while inside a distribution system, the concentration alone is used. For systems without a treatment plant, however, chlorine may be added in the upstream portion of the system to disinfect water. Therefore, disinfection is increased at higher chlorine concentration levels but also with enough contact time to completely disinfect the water. Therefore the use of the C*t product as a metric in the distribution system, if no upstream treatment exists, is explored here through computer modeling. The network solver EPANET was used to simulate the C*t product using water age in a method introduced here. It was found in a demonstration project that increasing the mainline pipe diameter allows the water to slow down enough to allow the C*t product to fully disinfect the water prior to reaching the first users. Specifically, for the demonstration system analyzed, an 8-inch (203 mm) mainline diameter requires 1.0 mg/L of chorine addition at the upstream end to fully disinfect the water. This shows promise for the use of pipe enlargement as a disinfection method for systems with no water treatment plant.

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