Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals from produced water discharges to the gulf of Mexico

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Trefry ◽  
Kelly L. Naito ◽  
Robert P. Trocine ◽  
Simone Metz
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Ambient Seawater ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Discharge Pipe ◽  
Oil Platforms

Produced water, the largest volume waste generated during production of offshore gas and oil, is typically discharged into the ocean at the sea surface. Concentrations of some heavy metals, such as Cd, Pb, Fe and Ba, are enriched in produced water from the Gulf of Mexico relative to ambient seawater by factors of about 10 to >10,000. In contrast, concentrations of other metals in produced water, including Hg, Ni and V, are generally close to or less than those in seawater. Concern for enhanced bioaccumulation of metals from water surrounding oil platforms was addressed by analyzing mollusks collected within 10 m of the discharge pipe. No statistically significant differences in tissue levels of Ba, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb or V were identified for clams (Chama macerophylla) or oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected from production platforms with variable loadings of heavy metals. Sediment in discharge areas from the Gulf of Mexico often had elevated levels of Pb and Ba relative to Al; however, such enhancement is unlikely to be solely related to produced water.

Assessing the Potential for Enhanced Bio Accumulation of Heavy Metals from Produced Water Discharges to the Gulf of Mexico

1996 ◽  
pp. 339-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Trefry ◽  
Robert P. Trocine ◽  
Kelly L. Naito ◽  
Simone Metz
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Produced Water

scholarly journals A Lagrangian approach to the Loop Current eddy separation

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Andrade-Canto ◽  
J. Sheinbaum ◽  
L. Zavala Sansón
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Loop Current ◽  
Hyperbolic Point ◽  
Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents ◽  
Florida Straits ◽  
Strain Direction

Abstract. Determining when and how a Loop Current eddy (LCE) in the Gulf of Mexico will finally separate is a difficult task, since several detachment re-attachment processes can occur during one of these events. Separation is usually defined based on snapshots of Eulerian fields such as sea surface height (SSH) but here we suggest that a Lagrangian view of the LCE separation process is more appropriate and objective. The basic idea is very simple: separation should be defined whenever water particles from the cyclonic side of the Loop Current move swiftly from the Yucatan Peninsula to the Florida Straits instead of penetrating into the NE Gulf of Mexico. The properties of backward-time finite time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) computed from a numerical model of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea are used to estimate the "skeleton" of flow and the structures involved in LCE detachment events. An Eulerian metric is defined, based on the slope of the strain direction of the instantaneous hyperbolic point of the Loop Current anticyclone that provides useful information to forecast final LCE detachments. We highlight cases in which an LCE separation metric based on SSH contours (Leben, 2005) suggests there is a separated LCE that later reattaches, whereas the slope method and FTLE structure indicate the eddy remains dynamically connected to the Loop Current during the process.

Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in East China Sea Surface Sediments

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Yu Chen ◽  
Chih-An Huh ◽  
Ning-Yu Chang ◽  
Ju-Chin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
East China Sea ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
East China ◽  
China Sea

Field Evaluation of Toxic Effects and Dispersion of Produced Water Discharges From North Sea Oil Platforms

1996 ◽  
pp. 81-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stagg ◽  
D. J. Gore ◽  
G. F. Whale ◽  
M. F. Kirby ◽  
M. Blackburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Oil Platforms

scholarly journals Vertical marine snow distribution in the stratified, hypersaline, and anoxic Orca Basin (Gulf of Mexico)

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Diercks ◽  
Kai Ziervogel ◽  
Ryan Sibert ◽  
Samantha B. Joye ◽  
Vernon Asper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Marine Snow ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Total Particle Number ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Snow Distribution ◽  
Orca Basin

We present a complete description of the depth distribution of marine snow in Orca Basin (Gulf of Mexico), from sea surface through the pycnocline to within 10 m of the seafloor. Orca Basin is an intriguing location for studying marine snow because of its unique geological and hydrographic setting: the deepest ~200 m of the basin are filled with anoxic hypersaline brine. A typical deep ocean profile of marine snow distribution was observed from the sea surface to the pycnocline, namely a surface maximum in total particle number and midwater minimum. However, instead of a nepheloid (particle-rich) layer positioned near the seabed, the nepheloid layer in the Orca Basin was positioned atop the brine. Within the brine, the total particle volume increased by a factor of 2–3 while the total particle number decreased, indicating accumulation and aggregation of material in the brine. From these observations we infer increased residence time and retention of material within the brine, which agrees well with laboratory results showing a 2.2–3.5-fold reduction in settling speed of laboratory-generated marine snow below the seawater-brine interface. Similarly, dissolved organic carbon concentration in the brine correlated positively with measured colored dissolved organic matter (r2 = 0.92, n = 15), with both variables following total particle volume inversely through the pycnocline. These data indicate the release of dissolved organic carbon concomitant with loss in total particle volume and increase in particle numbers at the brine-seawater interface, highlighting the importance of the Orca Basin as a carbon sink.

Heavy Metals in a Coastal Lagoon of the Gulf of Mexico

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F Vazquez ◽  
Virender K Sharma ◽  
Victor R Magallanes ◽  
Ana J Marmolejo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Coastal Lagoon
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