Aerobic treatment of industrial waste water – experiences with the dosage of nitrogen and phosphorus

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
L. Prendl ◽  
B. Nikolavcic
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Aerobic Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Addition ◽  
Additional Demand ◽  
Total P ◽  
Raw Wastewater

In industrial wastewater, especially from food industry, the concentrations of the organic compounds are usually high, whereas the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus are often low. For the aerobic treatment, the addition of nutrients to the industrial wastewater can be required. For ecological and economic reasons, this nutrient addition must be kept to a minimum. Unintentional nitrification and denitrification lead to an additional demand of nitrogen and should therefore be avoided at such plants. Observations from two treatment plants (50 000 m3/d, 40 t COD/d) proved that the nitrogen dosage can be controlled by monitoring the ammonia concentration. If the control procedure also considers the N/COD ratio in the raw wastewater (including the N dosage) and the organic sludge load of the last couple of days, very low effluent concentrations (NH4–N in the range of 0.3–0.5 mg/l) can be achieved and the nitrogen dosage is low. If there are periods with nitrogen in excess, too, a minimum nitrification capacity has to be maintained by means of nitrogen addition in periods of deficiency. A control procedure for phosphorus addition is to keep a fixed P/COD-ratio in the raw wastewater (including P dosage). The PO4–P concentration is monitored in order to limit the maximum phosphorus dosage. Following this procedure, considerable savings of phosphorus have been achieved, keeping very low effluent concentrations (average Total-P<0.3 mg/l).

scholarly journals Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on resident soil and root mycobiomes in beech forests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Clausing ◽  
L. E. Likulunga ◽  
D. Janz ◽  
H. Y. Feng ◽  
D. Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Phosphorus Addition ◽  
Different Response ◽  
P Addition ◽  
Total P

AbstractN and P are essential macronutrients for all organisms. How shifts in the availability of N or P affect fungal communities in temperate forests is not well understood. Here, we conducted a factorial P × N fertilization experiment to disentangle the effects of nutrient availability on soil-residing, root-associated, and ectomycorrhizal fungi in beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests differing in P availability. We tested the hypotheses that in P-poor forests, P fertilization leads to enhanced fungal diversity in soil and roots, resulting in enhanced P nutrition of beech, and that N fertilization aggravates P shortages, shifting the fungal communities toward nitrophilic species. In response to fertilizer treatments (1 × 50 kg ha−1 P and 5 × 30 kg ha−1 N within 2 years), the labile P fractions increased in soil and roots, regardless of plant-available P in soil. Root total P decreased in response to N fertilization and root total P increased in response to P addition at the low P site. Ectomycorrhizal species richness was unaffected by fertilizer treatments, but the relative abundances of ectomycorrhizal fungi increased in response to P or N addition. At the taxon level, fungal assemblages were unaffected by fertilizer treatments, but at the order level, different response patterns for saprotrophic fungi among soil and ectomycorrhizal fungi on roots were found. Boletales increased in response to P, and Russulales decreased under N + P addition. Our results suggest that trait conservatism in related species afforded resistance of the resident mycobiome composition to nutritional imbalances.

scholarly journals Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on resident soil and root mycobiomes in beech forests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Clausing ◽  
L.E. Likulunga ◽  
D. Janz ◽  
H.Y. Feng ◽  
D. Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
P Availability ◽  
N Addition ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Phosphorus Addition ◽  
Total P

AbstractIn forest soils, the pools of N and P available for microbes and plants are strongly dependent on soil properties. Here, we conducted a P and N fertilization experiment to disentangle the effects of nutrient availability on soil-residing, root-associated and ectomycorrhizal fungi in beech (Fagus sylvativa) forests differing in P availability. We tested the hypothesis that in P-poor forests, P fertilization leads to enhanced fungal diversity in soil and roots, resulting in enhanced P nutrition of beech and that N fertilization aggravates P shortage, shifting the fungal communities towards nitrophilic species. In response to fertilizer treatments (1x 50 kg ha−1 P, 5x 30 kg ha−1 N within 2 years), the labile P fractions increased in soil and roots, regardless of plant-available P in soil. Root total P decreased in response to N fertilization and root total P increased at the low P site in response to P addition. The relative abundances of ectomycorrhizal fungi, but not their species richness, increased in response to P or N addition in comparison with that of saprotrophic fungi. While some fungal orders (Trechisporales, Atheliales, Cantharellales) were moderately decreased in response to fertilizer treatments, Boletales increased in response to P and Russulaes to N addition. N or P fertilization resulted in functional trade-off, shifting away from saprotrophic towards symbiotrophic potential. Our results suggest that chronic exposure of forest ecosystems to increased nutrient inputs may overcome the resistance of the resident mycobiome structures resulting in nutritional imbalance and loss of forest ecosystem services.

Nutrient removal from industrial wastewater using single tank sequencing batch reactors

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Keller ◽  
K. Subramaniam ◽  
J. Gösswein ◽  
P. F. Greenfield
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Biological Nutrient Removal ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Total P

Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) has been developed in recent years to achieve high quality effluent in regards to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. However, most of these results have been achieved on domestic sewage. In treating industrial wastewater, additional challenges are facing the process designer and operator due to the substantially higher concentrations of both carbon and nutrients. This research and demonstration project is addressing the issue for abattoir (slaughterhouse) effluent. The technology used should be as simple as possible yet still achieve a high degree of BNR. The process used in laboratory and pilot scale is a single tank Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The results from the laboratory work have been excellent but have to be confirmed in the pilot plant studies. It was found that a certain degree of anaerobic pretreatment (e.g. in anaerobic ponds) can reduce part of the carbon concentration most efficiently while still leaving sufficient COD required for successful BNR. Despite high influent concentrations of approximately 190 mg L−1 N and 50 mg L−1 total P, good effluent quality of less than 20 mg L−1 N and less than 5 mg L−1 total P has been achieved. Furthermore the operation of the small SBR systems has proved to be simple and reliable.

scholarly journals Variability of dairy wastewater characteristics in Piatnica – one of the largest and most advanced milk processing plants in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Struk-Sokolowska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Biogenic Compounds ◽  
Raw Wastewater

The problem of industrial wastewater treatment from food processing, including dairy, is not completely solved. The aim of this study was to determine the variability of dairy sewage characteristics in one of the largest and most advanced milk processing plants in Piatnica, East-North Poland and review the opportunities for biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The study was conducted in the milk processing plant and WWTP in 2016 and 2017. The ratio of organic compounds for biogenic compounds in dairy wastewater were determined. During the two year study period there were no instances when the ratio of organic compounds for total phosphorus in Piatnica raw wastewater was lower than 25 gBOD5·gP-1. This indicates that in modern and innovative milk processing plants there are no instances when the amount of organic matter in dairy sewage is insufficient to remove phosphorus below 1.0 mgP·dm-3.

The use of «coasorption» concept while describing the effect of coagulants on the wastewater aqua systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Е.В. Алексеев
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Chemical Composition ◽  
The One ◽  
Raw Wastewater

Широкое распространение реагентного коагулирования в технологии очистки природных и промышленных сточных вод обусловлено, с одной стороны, сложностью химического состава и фазово-дисперсного состояния их аквасистем, с другой – многофакторностью действия на них коагулянтов. Рассмотрены основные механизмы взаимодействия коагулянтов и загрязняющих веществ на примере очистки промышленных сточных вод, содержащих органические вещества (поверхностно-активные вещества и синтетические красители). Физико-химическое понятие «коагуляция» отражает только один из механизмов действия коагулянтов на загрязнители. Принятые в настоящее время технологические показатели «доза коагулянта» и «удельная доза коагулянта» также не отражают многообразие взаимодействий загрязняющих веществ с солями коагулянтов и не привязаны к результату коагулирования. Это обусловливает трудность описания совокупного действия физико-химических процессов при добавлении коагулянтов в очищаемые воды и его количественной оценки. Решение проблемы возможно введением понятия «коасорбция», определяющего многофакторность взаимодействия коагулянтов с загрязняющими веществами в процессах очистки сточных вод коагулированием, и технологического показателя «удельная коасорбция», устанавливающего количественную взаимосвязь между величинами загрязняющих веществ в исходной и очищенной воде с дозой коагулянта. Графически представлены функции удельной коасорбции в форме изотерм коасорбции для двух типов поверхностно-активных веществ и синтетических красителей. На основании результатов анализа особенностей изотерм показано, что они отражают разные механизмы взаимодействия коагулянтов и загрязняющих веществ. Использование коасорбции как технологического понятия способствует выявлению механизмов взаимодействия загрязняющих веществ с коагулянтом и созданию наилучших условий для осуществления процесса коагулирования. Функциональное описание изотерм коасорбции позволяет экстраполировать результаты пробного коагулирования в широком интервале концентраций загрязняющих веществ. Практическое значение изотерм удельной коасорбции состоит в возможности определения доз реагентов при коагулировании воды по начальному содержанию загрязняющих веществ и требуемому в очищенных водах. The widespread use of chemical coagulation in purification of natural water and industrial wastewater is due, on the one hand, to the complex chemical composition and phase-disperse state of their aqua systems, and on the other hand, to the multifactorial effect of coagulants on them. The main mechanisms of interaction between coagulants and pollutants are considered through the example of industrial wastewater treatment containing organic substances (surfactants and synthetic dyes). The physicochemical term «coagulation» reflects only one of the mechanisms of the effect of coagulants on pollutants. The currently accepted process parameters «dose of coagulant» and «specific dose of coagulant» do not reflect the variety of interactions of pollutants with coagulant salts either, and are not linked to the result of coagulation. This makes it difficult to describe the collective effect of physicochemical processes while adding coagulants to the treated water and to quantify it. The solution to the problem is possible introducing the concept of «coasorption» that determines the multifactorial origin of the interaction of coagulants and pollutants in the processes of wastewater treatment by coagulation; and the process parameter «specific coasorption» that establishes a quantitative relationship between the concentrations of pollutants in raw wastewater and effluent with a dose of coagulant. The specific coasorption functions are graphically presented in the form of coasorption isotherms for two types of surfactants and synthetic dyes. Based on the results of the analysis of the features of the isotherms, it is shown that they reflect different mechanisms of interaction between coagulants and pollutants. The use of coasorption as a technological concept provides for identifying the mechanisms of interaction of pollutants with a coagulant and establishing the best conditions for the coagulation process. The functional description of the coasorption isotherms allows extrapolating the results of trial coagulation in a wide range of pollutant concentrations. The practical importance of specific coasorption isotherms provides for determining the dosages of chemicals during coagulation of water based on the initial concentration of pollutants and effluent standard.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the abundance and cell size of planktonic nanoflagellate communities

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-437
Author(s):  
Danielle Goeldner Pereira ◽  
Fábio Amodêo Lansac-Tôha ◽  
Gustavo Mayer Pauleto ◽  
Luis Mauricio Bini ◽  
Luiz Felipe Machado Velho
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Nutrient Addition ◽  
Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Tropical Reservoir ◽  
Pigmented Nanoflagellates ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Enrichment

AIM: We experimentally investigated the effects of nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) enrichment on the density, biomass, and cell size of pigmented and heterotrophic plankton nanoflagellates communities. METHODS: The experiment was done in mesocosms in a tropical reservoir during a 19-day period. Four different treatments were carried out: Control (non-nutrient addition - C), phosphorus additions (P), nitrogen addition (N) and phosphorus + nitrogen addition (N + P). Each treatment was performed in triplicate, sorted randomly, thus giving a total of 12 experimental carboys, which were placed transversely in the middle of the reservoir. RESULTS: In general, pigmented and heterotrophic nanoflagellates fractions responded to nutrient addition, increasing densities and biomass values at the fertilized treatments. Opposed to expected, enriched treatments resulted in a slight decrease in mean cell size of the pigmented fraction. Moreover, in nutrient-rich treatments, pigmented nanoflagellates had higher relative abundance than in the control. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that: i) the density and biomass of nanoflagellates responded to the nutrient enrichment, mainly when N and P were added together; ii) the pigmented and heterotrophic fractions showed distinct time responses to fertilization; iii) the growth of nanoflagellate community seems to be co-limited by N and P; iv) the nutrient enrichment led to a greater pigmented than heterotrophic fraction contribution; and v) among the analyzed variables, nanoflagellate densities seem to be more sensitive to changes in nutrient availability than biomass or mean cell size.

scholarly journals Diurnal and spatial (vertical) dynamics of nutrients (N, P, Si) in four sampling days (summer, fall, winter, and spring) in a tropical shallow reservoir and their relationships with the phytoplankton community

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Ramírez ◽  
C. E. M. Bicudo
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Vertical Variation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Phosphorus Forms ◽  
Reactive Silica ◽  
Photosynthetic Assimilation ◽  
The City ◽  
Total P

The vertical and diurnal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus forms, as well as that of soluble reactive silica (SRS), were studied in four sampling days at Garças reservoir, a shallow tropical one located in the city of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil. Except for N-NH4, all other inorganic forms of nitrogen (N-NO2, N-NO3, and total N) demonstrated decreased concentrations toward the bottom of reservoir. Similarly, all showed significant diurnal differences on every sampling day, with increased values during the night due to absence of photosynthetic assimilation during that period. In the sampling days, these forms decreased on the spring sampling day due to the bloom of Microcystis registered during this period of the year. All three forms of phosphorus (SRP, particulate P, and total P) showed significant vertical variation, except on the fall sampling day. On the summer sampling day there was an increase of both total P and particulate P, the latter because it constitutes more than 70% of the total P during all sampling days. Hourly phosphorus variation was significant during all sampling days, except for the summer one. The SRS vertical variation was significant during all sampling days, except for that in the spring. It was also different hourly on sampling days.

scholarly journals Effect of Short-Term Low-Nitrogen Addition on Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus of Vegetation-Soil in Alpine Meadow

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10998
Author(s):  
Zhen’an Yang ◽  
Wei Zhan ◽  
Lin Jiang ◽  
Huai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere ◽  
And Function

As one of the nitrogen (N) limitation ecosystems, alpine meadows have significant effects on their structure and function. However, research on the response and linkage of vegetation-soil to short-term low-level N deposition with rhizosphere processes is scant. We conducted a four level N addition (0, 20, 40, and 80 kg N ha−1 y−1) field experiment in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) from July 2014 to August 2016. We analyzed the community characteristics, vegetation (shoots and roots), total carbon (TC), nutrients, soil (rhizosphere and bulk) properties, and the linkage between vegetation and soil under different N addition rates. Our results showed that (i) N addition significantly increased and decreased the concentration of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) and ammonium nitrogen, and the soil pH, respectively; (ii) there were significant correlations between soil (rhizosphere and bulk) NO3−-N and total nitrogen (TN), and root TN, and there was no strong correlation between plant and soil TC, TN and total phosphorus, and their stoichiometry under different N addition rates. The results suggest that short-term low-N addition affected the plant community, vegetation, and soil TC, TN, TP, and their stoichiometry insignificantly, and that the correlation between plant and soil TC, TN, and TP, and their stoichiometry were insignificant.

scholarly journals Evaluating Pollutants of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Media Through E-PRTR Regulation. A Case Study: Cordoba, Spain, 2009-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 4795-4800
Author(s):  
R. Marin Galvin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Organic Halides ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Guadalquivir River ◽  
Total P ◽  
Raw Wastewater

The E-PRTR EU Regulation can be followed for the evaluation of the level of pollutants of emerging concern in treated wastewater. This regulation is of regional responsibility in the UE, and establishes for the Andalusian region of Spain the following pollution parameters as mandatory to be controlled periodically in treated wastewater in Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) with more than 100.000 equivalent inhabitants of treatment capacity: COD, N-Kjeldahl, total P, Cl-, F- (conventional pollution); As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn and Pb, as heavy metals; PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), adsorbed organic halides (AOXs), benzene and chloroform, as organic compounds. This paper shows results obtained in the application of the E-PRTR Regulation to the wastewater of Cordoba during 2009-2018. As shown, average of COD, N-Kjeldahl an total P values, respectively, in urban and treated wastewater were 604 and 89 mg/L, 54.1 and 33.4 mg/L and 3.4 and 1.4 mg/L. With respect to heavy metals, the mean content in treated wastewater was 0.135 mg/L, starting from 0.226 mg/L in raw wastewater. The majority of these are Cu and Zn (0.043 mg/L and 0.107 mg/L, respectively, in raw wastewater). For pollutants of emerging concern, the mean content of PAHs was 13 ng/L in treated water vs 31 ng/L in raw wastewater. Moreover, concentration of AOXs in raw wastewater was of 20 ng/L while in treated wastewater decreased up to 16 ng/L. Also, benzene content in raw wastewater and treated wastewater decreased from 40 ng/L to 11 ng/L. Finally, the major organic compound was chloroform, with a level in raw wastewater of 5.6 ng/L that was reduced along the treatment up to 3.2 ng/L. The provided data indicated a low concentration of the compounds of emerging concern in the wastewater of Cordoba and its minimal impact on the receiving aquatic environment (the Guadalquivir river).

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