Contribution of brominated organic disinfection by-products to the mutagenicity of drinking water

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Echigo ◽  
S. Itoh ◽  
T. Natsui ◽  
T. Araki ◽  
R. Ando
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Sequential Process ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Organic Chlorine ◽  
Chromosomal Aberration Test ◽  
By Products

The activity inducing chromosomal aberrations of the mixture of brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs) was approximately three times higher than that of the chlorinated counterparts for the same hypohalous acid dose. With the combination of chromosomal aberration test and a new analytical technique to differentiate total organic chlorine (TOCl) and total organic bromine (TOBr), it was found that TOBr was correlated to the mutagenicity of chlorinated waters. It was also implied that for a bromide-to-TOC ratio of 0.1 (mg/mg C), brominated DBPs could account for at least 29% of the total toxicity of DBPs formed during chlorination. On the other hand, bromate ion, a major ozonation DBP, was not a major contributor to the activity inducing chromosomal aberrations of the water treated with an ozone/chlorine sequential process. Therefore, ozonation is one possible option to reduce the health risk caused by DBPs even in the presence of bromide.

Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Water System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
System P ◽  
Public Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Boiling and Filtering Devices on the Concentration of Disinfection By-Products in Tap Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glòria Carrasco-Turigas ◽  
Cristina M. Villanueva ◽  
Fernando Goñi ◽  
Panu Rantakokko ◽  
Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
By Products

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in tap drinking water with the potential to produce adverse health effects. Filtering and boiling tap water can lead to changes in the DBP concentrations and modify the exposure through ingestion. Changes in the concentration of 4 individual trihalomethanes (THM4) (chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)), MX, and bromate were tested when boiling and filtering high bromine-containing tap water from Barcelona. For filtering, we used a pitcher-type filter and a household reverse osmosis filter; for boiling, an electric kettle, a saucepan, and a microwave were used. Samples were taken before and after each treatment to determine the change in the DBP concentration. pH, conductivity, and free/total chlorine were also measured. A large decrease of THM4 (from 48% to 97%) and MX concentrations was observed for all experiments. Bromine-containing trihalomethanes were mostly eliminated when filtering while chloroform when boiling. There was a large decrease in the concentration of bromate with reverse osmosis, but there was a little effect in the other experiments. These findings suggest that the exposure to THM4 and MX through ingestion is reduced when using these household appliances, while the decrease of bromate is device dependent. This needs to be considered in the exposure assessment of the epidemiological studies.

scholarly journals Formation of chlorinated organics in drinking water of Instanbul (Turkey) and Salerno (Italy)

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Water Origin ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
By Products ◽  
Different Levels

The occurrence of THMs and HAAs, and other volatile organics in Istanbul (Turkey) and Salerno (Italy) surface water resources was investigated by the previous and present data obtained on raw, coagulated, pre-chlorinated, pre-ozonated water samples. The present drinking water directives/regulations in developed countries set maximum contaminant level (MCL) for THMs at different levels. In Italy, where the 80-85% of water demand is supplied by groundwater, a relatively low THMs value of 30 μg l-1 was set, however there are no HAAs and bromate limits. On the other hand, there is still no regulation for the THMs in Turkey. The characterization of chlorinated by-products, particularly THMs, is detailed according to raw water origin and treatment technologies currently applied in both cities.

scholarly journals Reevaluation of the toxicity of chlorinated water and the usefulness of MX as an index

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-531
Author(s):  
Sadahiko Itoh ◽  
Atsushi Nakano ◽  
Toshiaki Araki
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Promotion Activity ◽  
Chromosomal Aberration Test ◽  
Purification Plant ◽  
By Products ◽  
Over Time

Changes in the toxicity in chlorinated water after chlorine addition were examined. For toxicity evaluation, the chromosomal aberration test and the transformation test were conducted as indexes of initiation activity and promotion activity, respectively, in the carcinogenesis process. Activity inducing chromosomal aberrations in chlorinated Lake Biwa water gradually decreased over time after chlorination. In contrast, activity inducing transformations determined by the two-stage assay gradually increased. Thus, toxicity that decreases or increases is present in chlorinated water. Furthermore, activity inducing transformations determined by the non-two-stage assay gradually decreased over time. This direction of change is opposite to that of activity inducing transformations determined by the two-stage assay and is consistent with that of activity inducing chromosomal aberrations. The drastic decrease in initiation activity detected as activity inducing chromosomal aberrations could be the main cause for the decrease in activity inducing transformations determined by the non-two-stage assay (an index of the sum of initiation and promotion activity). MX change was quantitatively consistent with those of activity inducing chromosomal aberrations and transformations determined by the non-two-stage assay. On the other hand, directions of changes in concentrations of typical by-products such as chloroform were consistent only with that of activity inducing transformations determined by the two-stage assay. Findings of this study suggest that MX is appropriate as an index for comparing the carcinogenicity of tap water near and far from a water purification plant.

scholarly journals Chlorine dioxine DBPs (disinfection by-products) in drinking water

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lasagna ◽  
E. Raffo ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
L. Pocaterra
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
By Products ◽  
Different Origin

Since the 1970s it has been well known that, though water for human consumption is generally disinfected before being distributed along the network, the use of chemicals results in the formation of many different Disinfection By-Products (DBPs). In the case of chlorine dioxide, the most important and represented DBPs are chlorite and chlorate: after an introduction concerning the current Italian regulation on this subject, in the experimental part the results of a 7-year minitoring campaign, concerning water of different origin collected from taps in various Italian regions, are shown. The analytical technique used for the determination of chlorite and chlorate was Ion Chromatography. The result obtained are finally discussed.

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