Strategy and current status of combating eutrophication in two Berlin lakes for safeguarding drinking water resources

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Schauser ◽  
I. Chorus ◽  
B. Heinzmann
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Phosphorus Load ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
External Phosphorus Load

After reduction of the external phosphorus load by phosphorus elimination plants, Lake Tegel and Schlachtensee in Berlin underwent a significant trophic improvement. The phosphorus elimination plants work by precipitation/coagulation/flocculation – sedimentation – post precipitation – filtration. The external load was reduced by one to two orders of magnitude down to 10–20 μg P L−1.The inlake phosphorus concentration followed. The development of algae and cyanobacteria was reduced substantially below a threshold value of about 50 μg P L−1, clearly due to phosphorus limitation. In Lake Tegel, the external load reduction of the main inflow was counteracted partially by the external load of the second main inflow by the River Havel and the internal load. This has to be managed further in future.

scholarly journals Decades needed for ecosystem components to respond to a sharp and drastic phosphorus load reduction

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 847 (21) ◽  
pp. 4621-4651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Chorus ◽  
Antje Köhler ◽  
Camilla Beulker ◽  
Jutta Fastner ◽  
Klaus van de Weyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Phosphorus Load ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Flushing Rates ◽  
Sediment Bottom ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractLake Tegel is an extreme case of restoration: inflow treatment reduced its main external phosphorus (TP) load 40-fold, sharply focused in time, and low-P water flushed the lake volume ≈ 4 times per year. We analysed 35 years of data for the time TP concentrations took to decline from ≈ 700 to 20–30 µg/l, biota to respond and cyanobacteria to become negligible. The internal load proved of minor relevance. After 10 years, TP reached 35–40 µg/l, phytoplankton biomass abruptly declined by 50% and cyanobacteria no longer dominated; yet 10 years later at TP < 20–30 µg/l they were below quantifiable levels. 20–25 years after load reduction, the lake was stably mesotrophic, macrophytes had returned down to 6–8 m, and vivianite now forms, binding P insolubly in the sediment. Bottom-up control of phytoplankton through TP proved decisive. Five intermittent years with a higher external P load caused some ‘re-eutrophication’, delaying recovery by 5 years. While some restoration responses required undercutting thresholds, particularly that of phytoplankton biomass to TP, resilience and hysteresis proved irrelevant. Future research needs to focus on the littoral zone, and for predicting time spans for recovery more generally, meta-analyses should address P load reduction in combination with flushing rates.

scholarly journals Restoring lakes through external phosphorus load reduction: the case of Lake Pusiano (Southern Alps)

Inland Waters ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Copetti ◽  
Franco Salerno ◽  
Lucia Valsecchi ◽  
Gaetano Viviano ◽  
Fabio Buzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Alps ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Phosphorus Load ◽  
External Phosphorus Load

scholarly journals Associations between Well-Being State and Match External and Internal Load in Amateur Referees

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3322
Author(s):  
Eñaut Ozaeta ◽  
Javier Yanci ◽  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
Estibaliz Romaratezabala ◽  
Daniel Castillo
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
External Loads

The main aim of this paper was to examine the association between prematch well-being status with match internal and external load in field (FR) and assistant (AR) soccer referees. Twenty-three FR and 46 AR participated in this study. The well-being state was assessed using the Hooper Scale and the match external and internal loads were monitored with Stryd Power Meter and heart monitors. While no significant differences were found in Hooper indices between match officials, FR registered higher external loads (p < 0.01; ES: 0.75 to 5.78), spent more time in zone 4 and zone 5, and recorded a greater training impulse (TRIMP) value (p < 0.01; ES: 1.35 to 1.62) than AR. Generally, no associations were found between the well-being variables and external loads for FR and AR. Additionally, no associations were found between the Hooper indices and internal loads for FR and AR. However, several relationships with different magnitudes were found between internal and external match loads, for FR, between power and speed with time spent in zone 2 (p < 0.05; r = −0.43), ground contact time with zone 2 and zone 3 (p < 0.05; r = 0.50 to 0.60) and power, speed, cadence and ground contact time correlated with time spent in zone 5 and TRIMP (p < 0.05 to 0.01; r = 0.42 to 0.64). Additionally, for AR, a relationship between speed and time in zone 1 was found (p < 0.05; r = −0.30; CL = 0.22). These results suggest that initial well-being state is not related to match officials’ performances during match play. In addition, the Stryd Power Meter can be a useful device to calculate the external load on soccer match officials.

scholarly journals Effects of Congested Fixture on Men’s Volleyball Load Demands: Interactions with Sets Played

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Ricardo Lima ◽  
Henrique de Oliveira Castro ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa ◽  
Sérgio Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Research Design ◽  
External Load ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Mixed Anova ◽  
Notational Analysis ◽  
Competitive Games

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating factor. An observational analytic research design was adopted. Data from official volleyball matches were collected during the first competitive period of the championship, comprising 14 competitive games within 10 weeks. Ten male elite volleyball athletes (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external load (number of jumps and height of jumps) and internal load (using the rate of perceived exertion—RPE). Additionally, notational analysis collected information about attack efficacy and receptions made during matches. The mixed ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time (M1 vs. M2) and number of sets for number of jumps per minute (p = 0.235; ηp2 = 0.114), mean jump height (p = 0.076; ηp2 = 0.193), RPE (p = 0.261; ηp2 = 0.106), attack efficacy (p = 0.346; ηp2 = 0.085), Positive reception (p = 0.980; ηp2 = 0.002) and Perfect reception (p = 0.762; ηp2 = 0.022). In conclusion, congested fixtures do not seem to affect the performance of volleyball players negatively.

scholarly journals An evaluation of British Columbia's medications return program as a management framework for collecting unused/expired pharmaceuticals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Load ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Source Level

Lake Simcoe is a major source of fresh water supply and serves as a favorite hub for recreational activities in southern Ontario. The cold water aquatic life of this Lake is facing serious threats due to depleted levels of oxygen caused by excessive growth of algal plants. The major reason for this growth is the entrance of high phosphorus loads through heavy stream discharges in the months of January until April. The results of analysis of phosphorus concentration and flows conducted in this project shows a direct dependence of phosphorus load on flow. Although the relation of rainfall and phosphorus load could not be supported by strong statistical evidence, the flow variations have been shown to be the major cause of variations in phosphorus load. The control strategies should be focused on reducing the generation of phosphorus at source level and preventing the direct entry of heavy flushes in the lake though Best Management Practices (BMPs), including detention facilities.

scholarly journals HOW TO OBTAIN A GLOBAL REFERENCE THRESHOLD IN AHP/ANP

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Garuti
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Absolute Measurement ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Medical Diagnoses ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Global Threshold ◽  
Disaster Assessment ◽  
The Difference

This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to provide a mathematically grounded technique to construct local and global thresholds using the well-known rate of change method. The next objective, which is secondary, is to show the relevance and possibilities of applying the AHP/ANP in absolute measurement (AM) compared to the relative measurement (RM) mode, which is currently widely used in the AHP/ANP community. The ability to construct a global threshold would help increase the use of AHP/ANP in the AM mode (rating mode) in the AHP/ANP community. Therefore, if the first specific objective is achieved, it would facilitate reaching the second, more general objective.   For this purpose, a real-life example based on the construction of a multi-criteria index and threshold will be described. The index measures the degree of lag of a neighborhood through the Urban and Social Deterioration Index (USDI) based on an AHP risks model. The global threshold represents the tolerable lag value for the specific neighborhood. The difference or gap between the neighborhood’s current status (actual USDI value) and this threshold represents the level of neighborhood deterioration that must be addressed to close the gap from a social and urban standpoint. The global threshold value is a composition of 45 terminal criteria with their own local threshold that must be evaluated for the specific neighborhood. This example is the most recent in a large list of AHP applications in AM mode in vastly different decision making fields, such as risk disaster assessment, environmental assessment, the problem of medical diagnoses, social responsibility problems, BOCR analysis for the evolution of nuclear energy in Chile in the next 20 years and many others. (See list of projects in Appendix).

scholarly journals The Relationships between Internal and External Load Measures for Division I College Football Practice

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Eric J. Sobolewski
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
American Football ◽  
Division I ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Meaningful Relationships ◽  
Training Impulse

The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between internal and external load measures in American football. Thirty football players wore a portable integrated monitor unit for 10 weeks during the fall football season. Relationships between internal and external load measurements were determined. Internal load consisted of heart rate zones and heart rate-derived measures and session Ratings of Perceived Exertion (sRPE). External load consisted of distance in different speed zones, total distance traveled, and accelerations. There were many significant positive relationships, but the meaningful relationships (r > 0.5) were between heart rate-derived measures of load (Training Impulse and heart rate reserve) and low-intensity movement and total distance. Only accelerations between 1 and 1.99 m·s−2 were moderately correlated to heart rate-derived internal load. RPE values alone did not correlate strong enough with any of the measure but sRPE training load (sRPE-TL) correlated to most external values. Overall, moderate correlations were present between heart rate-derived internal load to total distance and lower intensity movement. sRPE-TL values had high correlations but were highly dependent on duration, not perceived exertion. When addressing load in American football, duration of the session is a key component in determining internal load as HR data and sRPE alone do not correlate highly with external loads.

External and internal Load and their Effects on Professional Volleyball Training

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (07) ◽  
pp. 468-474
Author(s):  
Ricardo Franco Lima ◽  
Ana Silva ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
Henrique Castro ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
External Loads

AbstractThe purpose of this study was twofold: (i) characterize the external and internal training load of professional volleyball players with a focus on intra-week changes and (ii) test the relationships between internal and external load measures. Eight male professional players (age: 23.0±5.22 yo; body mass: 84.5 ± 7.58 kg; height: 193.0±9.71 cm; BMI: 22.0±0.02 kg/m2) were monitored daily over 15 weeks. The monitoring process included both internal (rate of perceived exertion [RPE] and session-RPE [s-RPE]) and external load variables, which were measured by an inertial measurement unit. Results revealed that, within-week variations revealed that RPE was significantly higher during MD-2 (d=0.59) and MD-3 (d=0.56) than MD-1. A significantly higher number of jumps was observed on MD-2 than MD-1 (d=0.69). Considering the relationships between internal and external load measures, small positive correlations were found between RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.17) and between s-RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.49). In conclusion, a tapering strategy was observed on the day before a match, as internal and external loads decreased. Both internal and external load measures are necessary to provide an accurate perception of the impact of training stimuli on players.

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