HOW TO OBTAIN A GLOBAL REFERENCE THRESHOLD IN AHP/ANP

This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to provide a mathematically grounded technique to construct local and global thresholds using the well-known rate of change method. The next objective, which is secondary, is to show the relevance and possibilities of applying the AHP/ANP in absolute measurement (AM) compared to the relative measurement (RM) mode, which is currently widely used in the AHP/ANP community. The ability to construct a global threshold would help increase the use of AHP/ANP in the AM mode (rating mode) in the AHP/ANP community. Therefore, if the first specific objective is achieved, it would facilitate reaching the second, more general objective. For this purpose, a real-life example based on the construction of a multi-criteria index and threshold will be described. The index measures the degree of lag of a neighborhood through the Urban and Social Deterioration Index (USDI) based on an AHP risks model. The global threshold represents the tolerable lag value for the specific neighborhood. The difference or gap between the neighborhood’s current status (actual USDI value) and this threshold represents the level of neighborhood deterioration that must be addressed to close the gap from a social and urban standpoint. The global threshold value is a composition of 45 terminal criteria with their own local threshold that must be evaluated for the specific neighborhood. This example is the most recent in a large list of AHP applications in AM mode in vastly different decision making fields, such as risk disaster assessment, environmental assessment, the problem of medical diagnoses, social responsibility problems, BOCR analysis for the evolution of nuclear energy in Chile in the next 20 years and many others. (See list of projects in Appendix).

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Costs and the cost-effectiveness threshold

10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0019 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jan Abel Olsen

Keyword(s):

Societal Perspective ◽

Threshold Value ◽

Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽

Healthcare Sector ◽

The Difference ◽

The Cost ◽

Qaly Threshold ◽

Cost Effectiveness Threshold ◽

Effectiveness Threshold ◽

Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 19 starts by distinguishing between the two contrasting perspectives that an economic evaluation would take: the healthcare sector perspective versus the societal perspective. The former is considered a ‘narrow analysis’ which includes only the costs accruing within the healthcare sector, while the latter represents a ‘broad analysis’ that accounts for all resource implications in all sectors of the economy. After an investigation into various types of costs, a ‘limited societal perspective’ is suggested to be more appropriate than either of the two ‘extreme perspectives’. The chapter continues with a discussion of the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold and explains the difference between a demand side- versus a supply-side approach to determining a threshold value for a QALY.

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ON THE MECHANISM OF TONIC IMMOBILITY IN VERTEBRATES

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.11.6.715 ◽

1928 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 715-741 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Hudson Hoagland

Keyword(s):

Tonic Immobility ◽

Threshold Value ◽

Temperature Characteristic ◽

The State ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

The Other ◽

Negative Slope ◽

Selective Inhibitors ◽

Initial Stimulus ◽

Temperature Range

1. The durations of successive periods of induced tonic immobility in the lizard Anolis carolinensis was examined as a function of temperature. An automatic recording method was employed and observations were made of 12,000 to 15,000 immobilizations with six animals over a temperature range of 5° to 35°C. during 5 months. 2. The durations of the immobile periods were found to vary rhythmically in most cases. The reciprocal of the duration of the rhythm, i.e., the rate of change of the process underlying the rhythms, when plotted as a function of temperature according to the Arrhenius equation show distributions of points in two straight line groups. One of these groups or bands of points extends throughout the entire temperature range with a temperature characteristic of approximately µ = 31,000 calories, and the other covers the range of 20° to 35°C. with µ equal to approximately 9,000 calories. 3. The initial stimulus in a series of inductions of immobility appears to set off a mechanism which determines the duration of the state of quiescence. Succeeding forced recoveries seem to have no effect on the normal duration of the rhythm. 4. These results are interpreted by assuming the release, through reflex stimulation, of hormonal substances, one effective between 5° and 35°C. and the other effective between 20° and 35°C. These substances are assumed to act as selective inhibitors of impulses from so called "higher centers," allowing impulses from tonic centers to pass to the muscles. 5. In some experiments a progressive lengthening in successively induced periods of immobility was observed. The logarithm of the frequency of recovery when plotted against time in most of these cases (i.e., except for a few in which irregularities occurred) gave a linear function of negative slope which was substantially unaffected by temperature. In these cases it is assumed that a diffusion process is controlling the amount of available A substance. 6. The results are similar to those obtained by Crozier with Cylisticus convexus. The duration of tonic immobility seems to be maintained in both arthropod and vertebrate by the chemical activity of "hormonal" selective inhibitors. The details of the mechanisms differ, but there is basic similarity. 7. Injections of small amounts of adrenalin above a threshold value are found to prolong the durations of tonic immobility of Anolis, by an amount which is a logarithmic function of the "dose." It is possible that internally secreted adrenalin, above a threshold amount, may be involved in the maintenance of tonic immobility. 8. The production of tonic immobility reflexly is a problem distinct from that of the duration of immobility. It is suggested that the onset may be induced by "shock" to the centers of reflex tonus causing promiscuous discharge of these centers with accompanying inhibition of the higher centers. Such a condition may result when an animal is suddenly lifted from the substratum and overturned, or when, as in the case of Anolis, it struggles with dorsum down. This reaction of the "tonic centers" may at the same time lead to discharge of the adrenal glands by way of their spinal connections thus prolonging the state.

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POSTPARTUM AMENORRHOEA IN RURAL EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932098002272 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 227-243

Author(s):

K. N. S. YADAVA ◽

S. K. JAIN

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Current Status Data ◽

North India ◽

Current Status ◽

Data Sets ◽

Survival Status ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Using Data

This paper calculates the mean duration of the postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) and examines its demographic, and socioeconomic correlates in rural north India, using data collected through 'retrospective' (last but one child) as well as 'current status' (last child) reporting of the duration of PPA.The mean duration of PPA was higher in the current status than in the retrospective data;n the difference being statistically significant. However, for the same mothers who gave PPA information in both the data sets, the difference in mean duration of PPA was not statistically significant. The correlates were identical in both the data sets. The current status data were more complete in terms of the coverage, and perhaps less distorted by reporting errors caused by recall lapse.A positive relationship of the mean duration of PPA was found with longer breast-feeding, higher parity and age of mother at the birth of the child, and the survival status of the child. An inverse relationship was found with higher education of a woman, higher education of her husband and higher socioeconomic status of her household, these variables possibly acting as proxies for women's better nutritional status.

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The Gender Factor Effect on Saudi Learners’ Perceptions of Using Social Media on Their Social Interaction

English Language Teaching ◽

10.5539/elt.v11n10p30 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Boushra Abdul-Aziz AlGhamdi ◽

Shorouq Ali AL-Garni ◽

Maysa M. Qutob

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Time Management ◽

Real Life ◽

Point Of View ◽

Factor Effect ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Difference ◽

Gender Factor ◽

Positive Point

This study compares males and females perception of the effect of social media on their social interaction to understand the difference between both genders. The study follows a mixed-method methodology using a questionnaire with closed-ended items and open-ended questions. Responses to the questionnaire are collected form 207 male and female students from a public university in Saudi Arabia. In general, the results of the questionnaire are insignificant which indicate that there are no differences between both genders. However, the results of the open-ended questions show that females have a negative view of the effect of social media on human relations while males have a positive point of view. However, both genders have a positive point of view regarding balancing between friends and family in real life and virtual world through time management.

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Post- Modern elements in the novels of Chetan Bhagat

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH ◽

10.24113/ijellh.v6i8.4570 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Dr. Radha ◽

Dr. Premalatha. C

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Real Life ◽

16Th Century ◽

Western Philosophy ◽

Economic Power ◽

Late 20Th Century ◽

Distant Observer ◽

Post Modernism ◽

The Difference

Postmodernism is a Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power”.Post-Modernists are independent while expressing their ideas, they never drop their statements and theory. It is more personal than identify with some other categories. The post-modernism was started in America around 16th century later it extended to Europe and other countries.Post-modern civilization fails to accept the modification between high and low class. There is a little place for modernism, originality or individual thinking. Bhagat has concentrated on the preconceptions of toppers, however there is more to life than these things your family, your friends, your internal desires and goals and the grades you get in dealing with each of these areas will define you as a person.The post-modernism has defused the difference between good and bad, moral and immoral, right and wrong. If there is a choice to select modern generation would not hesitate to go for one which is traditionally named as bad. Bhagat imbibed all these qualities in his writing. His characters go against the traditional customs and values. Bhagat represents intricate, deeply engrained socio-cultural complications of multicultural India, light-heartedly. He wishes readers to giggle at themselves, at their stupidities, their partialities, and their wrong-actions; not as a member but as a distant observer. He doesn’t bout them directly, but through fiction he attempts to understand their errors and gives a chance to rectify in the real life. Bhagat’s linking story telling method and the funny situations appeal readers.

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The social mandate of the holistic/integrated approach to learning

Univers Pedagogic ◽

10.52387/1811-5470.2021.1.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tatiana Callo ◽

Keyword(s):

Functional Integration ◽

Social Process ◽

Real Life ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Current Status ◽

The Social ◽

Key Competencies ◽

Specificity Of Learning ◽

Relationship Of

The specific elements in the ontological planning of the social require the holistic approach of the social process, but also of the educational ones. The whole-part dichotomy as a relationship of complementarity raises the issue of the specificity of learning integration, starting from the educational purpose, marked by the formation of key competencies, recorded by knowledge, skills, attitudes. The current status of integration, of the action to make something full, complete, very complex, generates a series of renovations, including the issue of this article, focused on the idea of the need for a model of bio- (or eco-) functional integration, designating a useful process for the student in the sense of his real life or his concrete environment.

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Impact of Stem Education on Academic Achievement of Elementary School Students‟ of Delhi

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.b3255.129219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 3275-3278

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Stem Education ◽

Teaching Methods ◽

Life Experiences ◽

Real Life ◽

Traditional Teaching ◽

School Students ◽

Traditional Teaching Methods ◽

Before And After ◽

The Difference

STEM education does not follow traditional teaching methods but is based on interesting and critical thinking activities. It is important to increase students' interest and awareness of STEM educational activities to encourage them to learn STEM. STEM-based education can help students or children learn and participate in activities based on real-life experiences. We need to let them know that what they learned in STEM today is not only building their own future, but also the cornerstone of the country. Since no study has been done to know the difference in the academic achievement and basic attitude of the students towards this approach based on gender school types (government and private); before and after the conduction of STEM programme this study will give STEM practitioners strategies to design and integrate STEM content purposefully for the students ; so that students can develop a positive attitude towards STEM programme which will in turn help them to acquire higher academic achievement and make study more effective. This study will also through light on the teachers to make STEM programme more effective. This study will also be of immense help to the school authorities while opting for better STEM programme

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A clinical comparison of three aligning archwires in terms of alignment efficiency: A prospective clinical trial

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/041414-274.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 434-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Reem Sh. Abdelrahman ◽

Kazem S. Al-Nimri ◽

Emad F. Al Maaitah

Keyword(s):

Nonparametric Test ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Initial Alignment ◽

Chi Square ◽

Fixed Appliance ◽

Irregularity Index ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Wilks Lambda ◽

The Difference

ABSTRACT Objectives: To clinically evaluate the effectiveness of three orthodontic aligning archwires in relation to tooth alignment speed during the initial alignment stage of treatment. Materials and Methods: A consecutive sample of 74 patients requiring lower only or upper and lower fixed orthodontic appliances were randomly allocated into three different archwires (0.014-inch superelastic nickel-titanium [NiTi], 0.014-inch thermoelastic NiTi, or 0.014-inch conventional NiTi). Good quality impressions were taken of the lower arch before archwire placement (T0) and at designated serial stages of alignment (every 2 weeks: T2, T4, T6, …, T16). The change in tooth alignment was measured in millimeters from the resultant casts using Little's irregularity index. Demographic and clinical differences among the three groups were compared with the chi-square or analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The difference in the change of lower anterior tooth alignment over time among the three groups was explored with a Split Plot ANOVA (SPANOVA, or within- and between-groups ANOVA). The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used when data were not normally distributed. Results: The SPANOVA and Wilks Lambda Multivariate test confirmed that the wire type had no influence on the rate of change in alignment (P = .98). Conclusion: The three forms of NiTi wires were similar in terms of their alignment efficiency during the initial aligning stage of orthodontic fixed appliance therapy.

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Change of Phototropic and Geotropic Signs in Daphnia Induced by Changes of Light Intensity

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.7.2.109 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 109-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. L. CLARKE

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Latent Period ◽

Daphnia Pulex ◽

Great Majority ◽

Absolute Intensity ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Intensity Change ◽

The Difference ◽

The Individual ◽

Secondary Signs

1. A method is described for studying the responses of Daphnia to changes of light intensity with special attention to the behaviour of the individual and to the avoidance of "shock" effects. The types of apparatus used provide for rigid control of the temperature, for illumination from any direction, and for an adjustable rate of change of the light intensity by means of a chemical rheostat. 2. The great majority of Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex were found to be primarily negatively phototropic and positively geotropic. That is, they always exhibited those tropistic signs under constant conditions of illumination. 3. A reduction of the light intensity causes a temporary reversal of the tropism signs. The secondary signs thus produced are positive phototropism and negative geotropism. 4. The presence of both phototropic and geotropic forces is proved by experiments in which illumination is (1) from one side, (2) from beneath, and (3) from two opposing sides or from above and below simultaneously. In these tests and in others in which very slow and very fast rates of dimming are used the phototropic and geotropic forces are resolved, antagonised, and neutralised in succession. The responses of the Daphnia indicate that there are two types of animals which exhibit exactly the same tropisms, but in one type phototropism is the stronger while in the other geotropism is the stronger. 5. In this material it was found that the temporary secondary tropistic signs persisted only a few minutes while the primary signs persisted for hours, although this effect was somewhat less marked in weak light or in darkness. 6. The difference between "time-change" and "place-change" of light in tensity is pointed out. Daphnia is stimulated by both types of change if the rate of change is sufficiently great. 7. That photosensitive animals are stimulated to respond to changes in the intensity of light only and are merely orientated by the direction of the light is shown in the work of previous, investigators as well as in this paper. The rigidity of this mechanism is indicated by experiments in which the light is graded in intensity at right angles to its direction and in which the light is rendered converging and diverging by a lens. 8. Evidence is given for believing that there is no "absolute optimum" light intensity for Daphnia but that a "relative optimum" exists which is the intensity to which the animals are adapted at the moment. 9. The interval between the inception of the reduction of the light intensity and the beginning of swimming movements in response is called the latent period. The faster the rate of dimming, the shorter is the duration of the latent period. A minimum, amount of intensity change is required to produce any response, at any speed, but beyond that the slower the rate of dimming, the greater is the amount of change required and hence the lower is the absolute intensity at which the response takes place. Ordinarily, the response is maximal in respect to both rate and magnitude. 10. Fatigue will interfere with experimentation unless guarded against. 11. Specimens of Daphinia with reversed primary signs gain temporary secondary signs following an increase of light intensity; otherwise they behave like the more usual forms. 12. The possibility that the processes of adaptation in Daphnia may account for the photic responses observed is discussed. Support for this theory is derived from the fact that it is possible to dim the light over a given range at such a slow rate that no response is produced.

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The Effect of Total Precipitation of Various Periods to Flow Regimes in Mountainous Catchments in Japan : Considering the Geological Characteristics of Catchments

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14051 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuka Muto ◽

Takeyoshi Chibana ◽

Masafumi Yamada

Keyword(s):

Sedimentary Rocks ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Flow Regimes ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Total Precipitation ◽

Lower Type ◽

Geological Characteristics ◽

Mountainous Catchments ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

The Difference

In order to conduct an appropriate management in each catchment, it is important to understand how the difference in geological conditions affect the relationship between precipitation and flow regimes.Considering the differences in geological characteristics of catchments, this study aims 1)to clarify the period for calculating the total precipitation that is most influential to several levels of daily flow respectively and 2)to clarify the contribution of the change in the total precipitation of &#8216;the most influential period&#8217; to the change in flow.In this study, 63 mountainous catchments (dam catchments) within the Japanese Archipelago were selected as target areas. First, the 63 catchments were divided into 4 groups according to their geological characteristics. Second, from the observed data of daily flow lasting 26 years (from 1993 to 2018), 6 types of daily flow which represent flow of different scales within a year (1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 95 percentiles of daily flow within a year) were searched. In each geological classification, correlation coefficients between each 6 type of flow and total precipitation of various periods (from 2 days to 365 days) were calculated. Finally, for each geological classification and each type of flow, single regression analyses were conducted, setting the rate of change in flow amount as the objective variable, and the rate of change in total precipitation amount of the appropriate period as the explanatory variable.As a result, in the analysis of correlation coefficients, significant differences among different geological classifications were seen for lower type of flows but not for higher type of flows. For catchments of volcanic rocks in the Quaternary period, total precipitation of 365 days before the flow occurrence had the highest correlation coefficient with lower type of flows. On the other hand, for catchments of sedimentary rocks in the Mesozoic or Paleozoic era, the most influential period was approximately 45 days, which was the shortest.Also, increasing trends in flow (i.e. the rate of change in flow > 1.0) during the target period were seen regardless of the geological classification or the type of flow. However, from the simple regression analysis, the significant effect of the change in precipitation to the change in flow was only seen for annual maximum flow of catchments of sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic or Paleozoic era. Except this specific geological characteristic and flow type, there is a possibility that other conditions of the catchments (e.g. change in land use) have larger effect to the change in flow compared to the change in precipitation.In the analyses mentioned above, the effect of snowfall is not considered. Therefore, in the presentation, the difference between snow covered regions and others are compared in addition.

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