External and internal Load and their Effects on Professional
                    Volleyball Training

AbstractThe purpose of this study was twofold: (i) characterize the external and internal training load of professional volleyball players with a focus on intra-week changes and (ii) test the relationships between internal and external load measures. Eight male professional players (age: 23.0±5.22 yo; body mass: 84.5 ± 7.58 kg; height: 193.0±9.71 cm; BMI: 22.0±0.02 kg/m2) were monitored daily over 15 weeks. The monitoring process included both internal (rate of perceived exertion [RPE] and session-RPE [s-RPE]) and external load variables, which were measured by an inertial measurement unit. Results revealed that, within-week variations revealed that RPE was significantly higher during MD-2 (d=0.59) and MD-3 (d=0.56) than MD-1. A significantly higher number of jumps was observed on MD-2 than MD-1 (d=0.69). Considering the relationships between internal and external load measures, small positive correlations were found between RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.17) and between s-RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.49). In conclusion, a tapering strategy was observed on the day before a match, as internal and external loads decreased. Both internal and external load measures are necessary to provide an accurate perception of the impact of training stimuli on players.

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Associations between Well-Being State and Match External and Internal Load in Amateur Referees

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18063322 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 3322

Author(s):

Eñaut Ozaeta ◽

Javier Yanci ◽

Carlo Castagna ◽

Estibaliz Romaratezabala ◽

Daniel Castillo

Keyword(s):

External Load ◽

Contact Time ◽

Well Being ◽

Ground Contact ◽

Internal Load ◽

Match Play ◽

Power Meter ◽

Ground Contact Time ◽

Training Impulse ◽

External Loads

The main aim of this paper was to examine the association between prematch well-being status with match internal and external load in field (FR) and assistant (AR) soccer referees. Twenty-three FR and 46 AR participated in this study. The well-being state was assessed using the Hooper Scale and the match external and internal loads were monitored with Stryd Power Meter and heart monitors. While no significant differences were found in Hooper indices between match officials, FR registered higher external loads (p < 0.01; ES: 0.75 to 5.78), spent more time in zone 4 and zone 5, and recorded a greater training impulse (TRIMP) value (p < 0.01; ES: 1.35 to 1.62) than AR. Generally, no associations were found between the well-being variables and external loads for FR and AR. Additionally, no associations were found between the Hooper indices and internal loads for FR and AR. However, several relationships with different magnitudes were found between internal and external match loads, for FR, between power and speed with time spent in zone 2 (p < 0.05; r = −0.43), ground contact time with zone 2 and zone 3 (p < 0.05; r = 0.50 to 0.60) and power, speed, cadence and ground contact time correlated with time spent in zone 5 and TRIMP (p < 0.05 to 0.01; r = 0.42 to 0.64). Additionally, for AR, a relationship between speed and time in zone 1 was found (p < 0.05; r = −0.30; CL = 0.22). These results suggest that initial well-being state is not related to match officials’ performances during match play. In addition, the Stryd Power Meter can be a useful device to calculate the external load on soccer match officials.

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Effects of Congested Fixture on Men’s Volleyball Load Demands: Interactions with Sets Played

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk6020053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Ricardo Lima ◽

Henrique de Oliveira Castro ◽

José Afonso ◽

Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa ◽

Sérgio Matos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Research Design ◽

External Load ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Jump Height ◽

Internal Load ◽

Mixed Anova ◽

Notational Analysis ◽

Competitive Games

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating factor. An observational analytic research design was adopted. Data from official volleyball matches were collected during the first competitive period of the championship, comprising 14 competitive games within 10 weeks. Ten male elite volleyball athletes (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external load (number of jumps and height of jumps) and internal load (using the rate of perceived exertion—RPE). Additionally, notational analysis collected information about attack efficacy and receptions made during matches. The mixed ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time (M1 vs. M2) and number of sets for number of jumps per minute (p = 0.235; ηp2 = 0.114), mean jump height (p = 0.076; ηp2 = 0.193), RPE (p = 0.261; ηp2 = 0.106), attack efficacy (p = 0.346; ηp2 = 0.085), Positive reception (p = 0.980; ηp2 = 0.002) and Perfect reception (p = 0.762; ηp2 = 0.022). In conclusion, congested fixtures do not seem to affect the performance of volleyball players negatively.

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A Robust and Adaptive Complementary Kalman Filter Based on Mahalanobis Distance for Ultra Wideband/Inertial Measurement Unit Fusion Positioning

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18103435 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 3435 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xin Li ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Kourosh Khoshelham

Keyword(s):

Kalman Filter ◽

Mahalanobis Distance ◽

Inertial Measurement Unit ◽

Least Squares Method ◽

Ultra Wideband ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Observation Error ◽

System State ◽

Inertial Measurement ◽

The Impact

Ultra wideband (UWB) has been a popular technology for indoor positioning due to its high accuracy. However, in many indoor application scenarios UWB measurements are influenced by outliers under non-line of sight (NLOS) conditions. To detect and eliminate outlying UWB observations, we propose a UWB/Inertial Measurement Unit (UWB/IMU) fusion filter based on a Complementary Kalman Filter to track the errors of position, velocity and direction. By using the least squares method, the positioning residual of the UWB observation is calculated, the robustness factor of the observation is determined, and an observation weight is dynamically set. When the robustness factor does not exceed a pre-defined threshold, the observed value is considered trusted, and adaptive filtering is used to track the system state, while the abnormity of system state, which might be caused by IMU data exceptions or unreasonable noise settings, is detected by using Mahalanobis distance from the observation to the prior distribution. When the robustness factor exceeds the threshold, the observed value is considered abnormal, and robust filtering is used, whereby the impact of UWB data exceptions on the positioning results is reduced by exploiting Mahalanobis distance. Experimental results show that the observation error can be effectively estimated, and the proposed algorithm can achieve an improved positioning accuracy when affected by outlying system states of different quantity as well as outlying observations of different proportion.

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The Relationships between Internal and External Load Measures for Division I College Football Practice

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports8120165 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Eric J. Sobolewski

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

American Football ◽

Division I ◽

Football Players ◽

Internal Load ◽

Total Distance ◽

Meaningful Relationships ◽

Training Impulse

The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between internal and external load measures in American football. Thirty football players wore a portable integrated monitor unit for 10 weeks during the fall football season. Relationships between internal and external load measurements were determined. Internal load consisted of heart rate zones and heart rate-derived measures and session Ratings of Perceived Exertion (sRPE). External load consisted of distance in different speed zones, total distance traveled, and accelerations. There were many significant positive relationships, but the meaningful relationships (r > 0.5) were between heart rate-derived measures of load (Training Impulse and heart rate reserve) and low-intensity movement and total distance. Only accelerations between 1 and 1.99 m·s−2 were moderately correlated to heart rate-derived internal load. RPE values alone did not correlate strong enough with any of the measure but sRPE training load (sRPE-TL) correlated to most external values. Overall, moderate correlations were present between heart rate-derived internal load to total distance and lower intensity movement. sRPE-TL values had high correlations but were highly dependent on duration, not perceived exertion. When addressing load in American football, duration of the session is a key component in determining internal load as HR data and sRPE alone do not correlate highly with external loads.

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Effects of Small-Sided Soccer Games on Internal and External Load and Lower Limb Power: A Pilot Study in Collegiate Players

Human Movement ◽

10.1515/humo-2017-0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽

Cornelis M. I. Niels Van Der Linden ◽

Bruno Silva

Keyword(s):

Global Positioning System ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Internal Load ◽

Squat Jump ◽

Global Positioning ◽

System Variables ◽

Physical Responses

AbstractPurpose. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of small-sided and conditioned games (SSG) on the internal load (heart rate [HR] and perceived exertion), external load (Global Positioning System variables), and lower limb power (squat jump [SJ] and countermovement jump [CMJ]).Methods. Six collegiate male soccer players (age 20.3 ± 4.8 years; maximal oxygen uptake 42.9 ± 2.7 ml/kg/min; maximal HR 184.7 bpm) performed three 2-min bouts of 1 vs. 1 and two 3-min bouts of 3 vs. 3 format with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1.5. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures tested the effects of bouts and SSG formats on the internal and external load and on the lower limb power.Results. The 3Conclusions. Physiological and physical responses varied during bouts. Nevertheless, small differences between SSG formats were found. SSG bouts did not have significant impact on the lower limb power.

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Shorter Small-Sided Game Sets May Increase the Intensity of Internal and External Load Measures: A Study in Amateur Soccer Players

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7050107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽

Thomas Rosemann ◽

Beat Knechtle

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

The Other ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Internal Load ◽

Other Hand

The purpose of this study was to compare internal and external load measures during two regimens (6 x 3’ and 3 x 6’) of a 5 vs. 5 format of play. Moreover, within-regimen changes (between sets) were also tested. Ten amateur soccer players (age: 19.8 ± 1.6 years; experience: 8.3 ± 2.1 years; height: 177.4 ± 3.8 cm; weight: 71.7 ± 4.2 kg) participated in the experiment. Internal load was measured using the CR-10 scale as the rated of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and a heart rate (HR) monitor. The measurements of total (TD), running (RD) and sprinting (SD) distances were also collected using a 10-Hz validated and reliable GPS. Comparisons between regimens revealed that the 3 x 6’ regimen was significantly more intense in terms of RPE than the 6 x 3’ regimen (p = 0.028; d = 0.351), although no significant differences were found in HR. Significantly greater averages of TD (p = 0.000; d = 0.871) and RD (p = 0.004; d = 0.491) were found in the 6 x 3’ regimen. In both regimens, the RPE was significantly lower during the first set than in the remaining sets. On the other hand, the TD was significantly shorter in the last sets than in the earlier. In summary, the present study suggests that shorter sets may be beneficial for maintaining higher internal and external load intensities during 5 vs. 5 formats, and that a drop-in performance may occur throughout the sets in both regimens.

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The Relationship Between Intensity Indicators in Small-Sided Soccer Games

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0040 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 119-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

David Casamichana ◽

Julen Castellano

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Internal Load ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

The Mean ◽

Gps Devices ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship ◽

Mean Heart Rate

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between different kinds of intensity indicators in small-sided soccer games. This descriptive correlational study included 14 semi-professional male soccer players (21.3 ± 2.3 years, 174 ± 4.0 cm, 73.4 ± 5.1 kg) from the same team. The players were monitored by means of heart rate monitors and GPS devices during 27 small-sided games of nine different formats, yielding a total of 217 recordings. After each game the Borg scale was used to give a rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The internal load indicators were the mean heart rate relative to the individual maximum (%HRmean) and the RPE, while those for the external load were the player load, total distance covered, distance covered in two intensity ranges (>18 km·h-1 and >21 km·h-1), and frequency of effort (in the same two intensity ranges). There was a significant moderate correlation (r=0.506) between the two internal load measurements (%HRmean and RPE). Although there were significant correlations of different degrees between various external load measurements, only the player load was significantly correlated with the internal load indicators (r=0.331 with %HRmean and r=0.218 with RPE). During training programes of this kind, it is necessary to consider a range of intensity indicators so as to obtain complementary information. This will enable coaches to more accurately assess the load imposed on players and therefore optimize the training process.

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Carga interna y externa en el tenis de competición: comparación de tres tipos de entrenamiento (Internal and external load in competitive tennis: comparison of three types of training)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v44i0.90583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 534-541

Author(s):

Alberto Rodríguez Cayetano ◽

Óscar Martín Martín ◽

Félix Hernández Merchán ◽

Salvador Pérez Muñoz

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Session ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Internal Load ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Made In

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es cuantificar la carga externa y la carga interna en tres tipos de entrenamiento (cubos con la mano, cubos con raqueta y peloteos) más utilizados en el ámbito del tenis de competición y compararlos entre sí. Participaron 6 jugadores de tenis (cuatro jugadores masculinos y 2 jugadoras) con una media de edad de 16.67 (± 2.73) años. Para cuantificar las cargas, se han utilizado pulsómetros POLAR +M400 para recoger los datos relacionados con la frecuencia cardíaca, distancia recorrida, velocidad media y máxima, y sensores ZEPP TENNIS, con los que se han recogido los datos relativos a tipo de golpe, número de golpeos y velocidad de raqueta en cada uno de los golpes realizados. Además, para registrar la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo, en cada tarea realizada y al final de cada entrenamiento, se ha utilizado la Escala de Borg CR-10 (Borg, 1982). Se realizaron 9 sesiones de entrenamiento por parejas: tres para el entrenamiento del drive, tres para el entrenamiento del revés y tres para el entrenamiento del drive y el revés de forma conjunta, una para cada tipo de entrenamiento. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el entrenamiento de cubos con la mano tiene mayor carga interna en cuanto a número de golpeos y velocidad media de raqueta, siendo el entrenamiento de peloteos el que mayor carga externa refleja en relación a velocidades y distancias recorridas. Abstract. The main objective of this research is to quantify the external load and the internal load in three types of training (buckets with the hand, buckets with racket and rallies) most used in the field of tennis and compare them to each other. Six tennis players participated (four male and two female players) with an average age of 16.67 (± 2.73) years. To quantify the loads, POLAR +M400 heart rate monitors were used to collect the data related to heart rate, distance covered, average and maximum speed, and ZEPP TENNIS sensors were used to collect the data related to type of stroke, number of strokes and racket speed for each of the strokes made. In addition, the Borg CR-10 Scale (Borg, 1982) has been used to record the rate of perceived exertion, in each task performed and at the end of each training session. Nine training sessions were carried out in pairs: three for drive training, three for backhand training and three for drive and backhand training together, one for each type of training. The results obtained show that bucket training with the hand has a greater internal load in terms of the number of strokes and average racket speed, with racket training having the greatest external load in relation to speed and distance travelled.

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Quantification method influences training load change in high school cross-country runners across a competitive season

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-523-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Micah C. Garcia ◽

Brett S. Pexa ◽

Kevin R. Ford ◽

Mitchell J. Rauh ◽

David M. Bazett-Jones

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Case Series ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Internal Load ◽

Time Distance ◽

Cross Country ◽

Cross Country Runners ◽

External Loads

Abstract Context: Running programs traditionally monitor external loads (e.g., time, distance). There has been a recent movement to encompass a more comprehensive approach to also monitor training loads that account for internal loads (e.g., intensity, measured as session rating of perceived exertion [sRPE]). The combination of an external and internal load accounts for the potential interaction between these loads. While differences in weekly change in training loads have been reported between external loads and the combination of an external and internal load during 2- and 4-week training cycles, there are no reports whether these differences are apparent during an entire cross-country season in high school runners. Objective: To compare change in training loads, as measured by external loads and combinations of an external and internal load, in high school runners during an interscholastic cross-country season. Design: Case-series. Setting: Community-based with daily online surveys. Participants: Twenty-four high school cross-country runners (female=14, male=10, age=15.9±1.1 years, running experience=9.9±3.2 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): Week-to-week percent change in training load when measured by external loads (time, distance) and the combination of an external and internal load (timeRPE, distanceRPE). Results: Overall, the average weekly change was 7.1% greater for distanceRPE compared to distance (p=.04, d=0.18). When decreasing weekly running duration, the average weekly change was 5.2% greater for distanceRPE compared to timeRPE (p=.03, d=0.24). When maintaining or increasing weekly running duration, the average weekly change was 10–15% greater when an external load was combined with an internal load compared to external loads alone, but these differences were non- significant (p=.11–.22, d=0.19–0.34). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that progression in training load may be underestimated when relying solely on external loads. The interaction between internal loads (sRPE) and external loads (distance or time) appears to provide a different measure of training stresses experienced by runners than external loads alone.

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Comparison of Athlete–Coach Perceptions of Internal and External Load Markers for Elite Junior Tennis Training

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2013-0364 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 751-756 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Alistair P. Murphy ◽

Rob Duffield ◽

Aaron Kellett ◽

Machar Reid

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Internal Load ◽

Notational Analysis ◽

Load Monitoring ◽

Junior Tennis ◽

Mental Exertion

Purpose:To investigate the discrepancy between coach and athlete perceptions of internal load and notational analysis of external load in elite junior tennis.Methods:Fourteen elite junior tennis players and 6 international coaches were recruited. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were recorded for individual drills and whole sessions, along with a rating of mental exertion, coach rating of intended session exertion, and athlete heart rate (HR). Furthermore, total stroke count and unforced-error count were notated using video coding after each session, alongside coach and athlete estimations of shots and errors made. Finally, regression analyses explained the variance in the criterion variables of athlete and coach RPE.Results:Repeated-measures analyses of variance and interclass correlation coefficients revealed that coaches significantly (P < .01) underestimated athlete session RPE, with only moderate correlation (r = .59) demonstrated between coach and athlete. However, athlete drill RPE (P = .14; r = .71) and mental exertion (P = .44; r = .68) were comparable and substantially correlated. No significant differences in estimated stroke count were evident between athlete and coach (P = .21), athlete notational analysis (P = .06), or coach notational analysis (P = .49). Coaches estimated significantly greater unforced errors than either athletes or notational analysis (P < .01). Regression analyses found that 54.5% of variance in coach RPE was explained by intended session exertion and coach drill RPE, while drill RPE and peak HR explained 45.3% of the variance in athlete session RPE.Conclusion:Coaches misinterpreted session RPE but not drill RPE, while inaccurately monitoring error counts. Improved understanding of external- and internal-load monitoring may help coach–athlete relationships in individual sports like tennis avoid maladaptive training.

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