Determination of dairy wastewater treatability by bio-trickling filter packed with lava rocks – case study PEGAH dairy factory

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1441-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mehrdadi ◽  
G. R. Nabi Bidhendi ◽  
M. Shokouhi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
A Company

This paper investigates the effectiveness of a biological trickling filter for the treatment of wastewaters produced by a company manufacturing dairy products. First a bio-trickling column with a height of 150 cm was packed with lava rocks from north mountain of Tehran. It operates with the recirculation of liquid through the packing. In order to startup the pilot scale, steady state condition was gained by pumping activated sludge and dairy wastewater for 23 days. Afterwards, dairy wastewater was added to liquid tank for treatment. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) of treatment decreases from 5 days to 1 day then at HRT of 12, 8, 7, 6 and 4 h. Results show that the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased from 2,750 to 98 mg/L at HRT of 7 h and efficiency of TKN removal was more than 70%. The microorganisms developed in the bio-trickling filter were able to efficiently remove COD levels up to 2,750 mg/L, under aerobic conditions at pH values between 6.8 and 7.2 under low temperature condition between 10 and 13 °C.

scholarly journals Pilot-scale study of vertical flow constructed wetland combined with trickling filter and ferric chloride coagulation: influence of irregular operational conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1088-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kim ◽  
M. Gautier ◽  
G. Olvera Palma ◽  
P. Molle ◽  
P. Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Saturation Level ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland

The aim of this study was to characterize the efficiency of an intensified process of vertical flow constructed wetland having the following particularities: (i) biological pretreatment by trickling filter, (ii) FeCl3 injection for dissolved phosphorus removal and (iii) succession of different levels of redox conditions along the process line. A pilot-scale set-up designed to simulate a real-scale plant was constructed and operated using real wastewater. The influences of FeCl3 injection and water saturation level within the vertical flow constructed wetland stage on treatment performances were studied. Three different water saturation levels were compared by monitoring: suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, iron, and manganese. The results confirmed the good overall efficiency of the process and the contribution of the trickling filter pretreatment to COD removal and nitrification. The effects of water saturation level and FeCl3 injection on phosphorus removal were evaluated by analysis of the correlations between the variables. Under unsaturated conditions, good nitrification and no denitrification were observed. Under partly saturated conditions, both nitrification and denitrification were obtained, along with a good retention of SSs. Finally, under saturated conditions, the performance was decreased for almost all parameters.

scholarly journals Volatile Fatty Acids Recovery In A Reactive Primary Clarifier: A Pilot Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Ponzelli
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Process Modification ◽  
Biochemical Reactor ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Solids Removal

Although the aim of primary clarifiers remains to remove particles, the removal of settleable solids affects downstream processes that rely on readily biodegradable oxygen demand (rbCOD) in proportion to nutrient removal demands. However, through some process modification the primary clarifier can be looked at as a physico-biochemical reactor able to accomplish: removal of settleable solids; increase rbCOD concentration in the primary effluent. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted at the 12 m³ water resource recovery facility of Université Laval to determine the effect of different factors on the fermentation process in a primary clarifier. The results showed that providing a sludge retention time larger than one day and a low recirculation flow rate from the bottom of the clarifier of about 15% of the influent flow rate are crucial factors for increased rbCOD concentration. They can lead to a VFAs yield up to 90 mgCH3COOHequivalent/gVSS, along with a 70% solids removal efficiency.

scholarly journals A marca própria e os seus aspectos negociais: um estudo de caso

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edivaldo Fernandes Dos Santos Junior ◽  
Andréa Paula Osório Duque ◽  
Manoel Marcondes Machado Neto
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Private Label ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Chain Stores ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
A Company ◽  
Selection Of

Atualmente, as marcas comerciais surgem como atributos de diferenciação e de vantagem competitiva, criando valor para as empresas de varejo. Neste sentido, elas geralmente têm seus produtos associados a preços mais acessíveis, possibilitando a incorporação de um nicho de mercado ao negócio de supermercados e redes de lojas, além de gerar maior rentabilidade. Este estudo se propôs a examinar os aspectos relacionados à origem e ao fortalecimento de uma marca própria por meio de um estudo de caso. O objetivo geral consiste em investigar o desenvolvimento de uma marca própria em uma empresa de produtos naturais. A metodologia adotada é a da pesquisa descritiva, com dados qualitativos obtidos a partir de um estudo de caso único. A coleta de dados foi efetivada via entrevista com o diretor-executivo e a gerente de desenvolvimento de produtos de uma empresa do ramo de alimentos saudáveis. Os resultados demonstram, principalmente, que o desenvolvimento da marca própria pesquisada requereu análise criteriosa dos hábitos dos consumidores; determinação dos objetivos estratégicos; diferenciação competitiva por meio de escolha precisa de fornecedores; investimento maciço em marketing; além de diversificação dos veículos de comunicação.Palavras-chave: Marca. Marca Própria. Brand. Branding.The private label and its negotiation aspects: a case studyAbstractNowadays, trademarks appear as differentiating attributes and competitive advantage, creating value for retail companies. In this way, private labels usually have their products associated with more affordable prices, enabling the incorporation of market niches to supermarkets and chain stores, in addition to higher profitability. This study aimed to examine the issues related to the origin and strengthening of a private label through a case study. The overall objective is to investigate the development of a private label in a company of natural products. The methodology adopted is this study can be classified as an applied research, descriptive and qualitative data obtained through a case study approach. Data collection for the completion of the case study approach was carried out by an interview with the executive director and the product development manager. The results show mainly that the development of a private label required careful analysis of consumers’ habits; determination of strategic objectives; competitive differentiation through careful selection of suppliers; massive investment in marketing and media diversification.Keywords: Brand. Branding. Private Label.

scholarly journals The Determination of Performance Measures by Using a Balanced Scorecard Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Irem Kefe
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Manufacturing Company ◽  
Strategy Map ◽  
Owned Company ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Company

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of the balanced scorecard (BSC) methods to identify the relationship between the objectives and activities and examine how the BSC should be formed in a manufacturing company. The BSC framework was examined via a case study in a yarn manufacturing company. The activities to be carried out by the company to achieve its objectives and how the appropriate measures are determined in evaluating the contribution of the activities to the achievement of objectives are explained under the BSC approach. The BSC implementation and adaptation have facilitated in a family owned company because of its fast decision-making process. Objectives are made clear in accordance with the company’s strategy and causal relationship between objectives and activities are linked by the strategy map. The BSC implementation shows that financial measures are not enough to evaluate the effects of all the activities on the objectives in a company. The cooperation between departments in the company and the efficiency of corporation meetings increases. The meetings have become more result-oriented due to clarifying objectives and responsibility of individual levels.

scholarly journals The Importance of “Contextualisation” in Small and Medium-Sized Firms Valuation: Evidences from an Italian Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Damiano Montani ◽  
Francesco Perrini ◽  
Daniele Gervasio ◽  
Andrea Pulcini
Keyword(s):  
Financial Flows ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Company Value ◽  
Proper Definition ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Company ◽  
Correct Data

The valuation of a small or medium-sized enterprise through subjective methods, may not exclude a correct contextualisation of the data forming the information base of the estimate. “Contextualisation” refers to the general overview of all those elements that allow a proper definition of the enterprise’s background. All of this serves in the analysis for the correct data necessary for the determination of values such as the economic and financial flows to discount, the timeframe of analysis and the discount rate. Without a correct contextualisation, it is not possible to reach a correct measurement of the company value in accordance with the studies on the “theory of value”. After observing that “contextualisation” has not been widely studied till now for the theory of value, the present work analyses the incidence on the measurement of the company value, showing with an empirical case the different results that may be reached on the basis of the contextualisation of data. Hence, a correct “contextualisation” is crucial for the proper valuation of a company. Academic researches should take more carefully into consideration, this aspect concerning the valuation of a company and in particular, define more accurately the implementing rules in the assessment methods.

scholarly journals Volatile Fatty Acids Recovery In A Reactive Primary Clarifier: A Pilot Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Ponzelli
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Process Modification ◽  
Biochemical Reactor ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Solids Removal

Although the aim of primary clarifiers remains to remove particles, the removal of settleable solids affects downstream processes that rely on readily biodegradable oxygen demand (rbCOD) in proportion to nutrient removal demands. However, through some process modification the primary clarifier can be looked at as a physico-biochemical reactor able to accomplish: removal of settleable solids; increase rbCOD concentration in the primary effluent. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted at the 12 m³ water resource recovery facility of Université Laval to determine the effect of different factors on the fermentation process in a primary clarifier. The results showed that providing a sludge retention time larger than one day and a low recirculation flow rate from the bottom of the clarifier of about 15% of the influent flow rate are crucial factors for increased rbCOD concentration. They can lead to a VFAs yield up to 90 mgCH3COOHequivalent/gVSS, along with a 70% solids removal efficiency.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN BEP (BREAK EVEN POINT) DAN MARGIN OF SAFETY DALAM PENENTUAN HARGA JUAL PADA USAHA KECIL MENENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
Astrin Kusumawardani ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Alamsyah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
A Company

Determination of Selling Price is very important for entrepreneurs to be able to obtain the profit they want by using the Break-Even Point (BEP) analysis so that it can be seen the principal return point where the point illustrates how a company is in a state of non-profit and no loss. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach. The study was conducted using Break-Even Point (BEP) analysis and Margin of Safety (MOS) determination of the selling price to get the profit expected by the SMEs. While the data used are primary data through observation and interviews, and secondary data in the form of financial statements of Boeds Cofee. As well as calculating and responding to the appropriateness of the selling price that will be carried out by the MSME. Based on the results of calculations through the BEP and MOS methods, the determination of the selling price is feasible to use. With MOS of 46%. Keywords: SMEs, Break-Even Point (BEP), Margin of Safety (MOS), Decision on Selling Price   ABSTRAK Penentuan Harga Jual sangatlah penting bagi pengusaha agar dapat memperoleh laba yang diinginkannya dengan menggunakan analisis Break Even Point (BEP) maka akan dapat dilihat titik pulang pokok dimana titik tersebut menggambarkan bagaimana suatu perusahaan dalam keadaan tidak memperoleh laba dan tidak mengalami kerugian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis Break Even Point (BEP) dan Margin Of Savety (MOS) penentuan harga jual untuk mendapatkan laba yang diharapkan oleh UKM tersebut. Sedangkan data yang digunakan ialah data primer melalui observasi dan wawancara, dan data sekunder yang berupa laporan keuangan Boeds Cofee. Serta menghitung dan memberi tanggapan tentang kelayakan harga jual yangakan dilakukan oleh UMKM tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan melalui metode BEP dan MOS maka penetuan harga jual layak untuk digunakan. Dengan MOS sebesar 46%. Kata Kunci : UKM, Break Even Point (BEP), Margin Of Savety (MOS), Pengambilan Keputusan Harga Jual

scholarly journals Determining the Number and Location of Warehouses to Minimize Logistics Costs of Business to Consumer (B2C) Distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Sutapa ◽  
Magdalena Wullur ◽  
Tania Nano Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Shortest Distance ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Market Test ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products ◽  
A Company

The article discusses a case study at a company that works on Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) section using B2B distribution system, and is conducting a market test for its new alternative tobacco products using B2C distribution system. The purpose of this study is to determine both number and location of warehouses that provides a minimum total logistics costs for the B2C process, where the company is currently still using company-owned B2B warehouses. Determination of the number and location of these warehouses is performed using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering where grouping is based on the shortest distance and is done using Evolutionary Solver. Centre of Gravity is also used to determine the location of the warehouses. Iteration will be carried out to obtain the number of warehouses that provide minimal total cost. The result of the modelling shows that the optimal number of warehouses is six and each warehouse will have their own market division.

scholarly journals Biotreatment of Winery Wastewater Using a Hybrid System Combining Biological Trickling Filters and Constructed Wetlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 619
Author(s):  
Christos S. Akratos ◽  
Triantafyllos I. Tatoulis ◽  
Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Winery Wastewater ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Two Stages

The objective of this work was to determine the ability of a pilot-scale hybrid system to treat real (non-synthetic) winery wastewater. The experimental treatment system consisted of two stages: An attached growth pilot-scale bioreactor (biological trickling filter with plastic support material) was initially used to remove a significant amount of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (d-COD) from winery wastewater, and then a pilot-scale, horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW) was examined as a post-treatment step for further d-COD removal. Results from the biofilter revealed that the recirculation rate of 1.0 L/min lead to higher d-COD removal rates than that of 0.5 L/min for all feed d-COD concentrations tested (3500, 7500, 9000 and 18,000 mg d-COD/L). Experiments in the CW were performed using feed d-COD concentrations of about 1500 mg/L (equivalent to biofilter effluent when initial filter feed d-COD concentrations are 18,000 mg/L). The wetland polishing stage managed to further remove d-COD and produced effluent concentrations below current legislation limits for safe disposal. Furthermore, the presence of zeolite in CW (one third of the length of CW) enhanced ammonium removal. The experimental results indicate that the combination of a biological trickling filter and a constructed wetland could effectively treat effluents originating from small wineries typical of the Mediterranean region.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document