scholarly journals Water quality and antifungal susceptibility of opportunistic yeast pathogens from rivers

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Monapathi ◽  
C. C. Bezuidenhout ◽  
O. H. J. Rhode
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
26S Rrna

Yeasts from water sources have been associated with diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to life threatening diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the water quality as well as diversity and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts from two rivers. Yeast levels and physico-chemical parameter data were analyzed by principal component analysis to determine correlations between physico-chemical data and yeast levels. Yeast morphotypes were identified by biochemical tests and 26S rRNA gene sequencing. Disk diffusion antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted. Physico-chemical parameters of the water were within target water quality range (TWQR) for livestock farming. For irrigational use, total dissolved solids and nitrates were not within the TWQR. Yeast levels ranged between 27 ± 10 and 2,573 ± 306 cfu/L. Only non-pigmented, ascomycetous yeasts were isolated. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata were most frequently isolated. Several other opportunistic pathogens were also isolated. A large number of isolates were resistant to azoles, especially fluconazole, but also to other antifungal classes. Candida species were resistant to almost all the antifungal classes. These water sources are used for recreation and religious as well as for watering livestock and irrigation. Of particular concern is the direct contact of individuals with opportunistic yeast, especially the immune-compromised. Resistance of these yeast species to antifungal agents is a further health concern.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical parameters and culturable yeast diversity in surface water: a consequence of pollution

Water SA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4 October) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mzimkhulu Monapathi ◽  
Carlos Bezuidenhout ◽  
Owen Rhode
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
River Systems ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Pathogenic Yeast ◽  
Physico Chemical

Rivers in the North West Province (NWP) of South Africa are polluted by various anthropogenic activities that are associated with agricultural, domestic, industrial, and mining activities. Pollutants and effluent resulting from these activities impact the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of river water. More particularly, domestic and agricultural pollution has been associated with the occurrence of pathogenic yeast species in water. The aim of this study was to determine physico-chemical parameters, yeast levels, and the antifungal susceptibility of pathogenic yeasts in river water. Physico-chemical parameters and yeast levels were determined using standard procedures. Yeasts were identified by biochemical tests and 26S rRNA gene sequencing. Disc diffusion antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted on identified potential pathogenic yeasts. Physico-chemical parameters were within target water quality ranges (TWQR) for livestock farming but were mostly out of range for irrigation. Yeast levels (incubation at 37°C) ranged from 363 to 1 778 CFU/L. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters and yeast levels between some seasons and among the river systems under study. A positive association was observed between temperature, COD and yeast levels in all the river systems. Ascomycetes, which were the most prevalent isolates, were identified as Candida spp. (35%), Pichia spp. (13%), Cyberlinera spp. (12%), Meyerozyma spp. (11%), Clavispora spp. (10%), Saccharomyces spp. (6%), Kluyveromyces spp. (5%), Yamadazyma spp. (4%), Trichosporon spp. (3%), and Wickerhamomyces spp. (1%). Antifungal resistance of the potential pathogenic yeasts was as follows: flucytosine and miconazole (100%) > fluconazole (78.5%) > econazole, and miconazole and ketoconazole (49.6%) > nystatin (15.2%). The river water systems explored in the study are used for agricultural, domestic and recreational purposes. Direct contact with the water, especially by immune-compromised people, may pose a health threat and should be further investigated.

scholarly journals Hydro-chemical and microbiological characterization of Lower Cretaceous waters in a semi-arid zone Beni-Ounif syncline, South-West of Algeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Merzougui ◽  
Ahmed Makhloufi ◽  
Touhami Merzougui
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Sampling Points

Abstract The article analyses the water quality of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer in the Beni-Ounif syncline. To this end, 42 samples were taken for physico-chemical analysis and 28 for microbiological analysis in March, May and October 2017 from 14 sampling points. The results of physico-chemical analysis were processed by multi-variety statistical analysis methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) coupled to hydro chemical methods: Piper diagram. The PCA allowed us to explore the connections between physico-chemical parameters and similarities between samples and to identify the most appropriate physico-chemical elements to describe water quality. The HCA allowed us to classify the sampling points according to the similarity between them and thus reduce them for the next follow-up analysis. Waters of the syncline are characterized by medium to low mineralization (320 < EC < 7600 μS∙cm–1 and 200 < RS < 4020 mg∙dm−3) and hardness of between 22 and 123°f. Only 19% of the samples show NO3 concentrations exceeding the Algerian standards. Microbiologically, the study reports the presence of bacteria: coliforms (<8 CFU∙0.1 dm−3), Streptococcus D (<1100 CFUꞏ0.1 dm–3), Clostridium sulphito-reducer of vegetative form (<90 CFUꞏ0.02 dm–3) and sporulate (<4 CFUꞏ0.02 dm–3), total aerobic mesophilic flora at 22°C (<462 CFUꞏ0.001 dm–3) and at 37°C (<403 CFUꞏ0.001 dm–3). It must be noted that no presence of thermo-tolerant coliforms is observed.

Statistical Analysis of Raw and Potable Water Quality from a Preparation Plant, as a Basis to Purpose the Re-schedule of the Physico-Chemical Current Routine Analysis Periodicity

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Danut Gabriel Cozma ◽  
Carmen Luiza Costuleanu ◽  
Ion Sandu ◽  
Doina Lutic
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Analysis Scheme ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Preparation Plant ◽  
Schedule Modification ◽  
Potable Water Quality

The multivariate statistics analysis was used to analyze the correlations between 24 physical and chemical parameters values, for raw and potable water quality characterization, using data collected monthly from a potable water preparation plant during two years, 2015 and 2016. The t-Test (Student) and the Principal Component Analysis were used in order to analyze if there are tight dependences between the analyzed parameters, allowing eventually to purpose the analysis scheme schedule modification.

scholarly journals Distribution Of Batillaria Zonalis (Mollusca : Gastropoda) on Avicennia Marina (Forsk.) Vierh In The Coast Of Banggi, Rembang, Central Java

Omni-Akuatika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafit Ariyanto Ariyanto ◽  
Dietriech Geoffrey Bengen ◽  
Tri Prartono ◽  
Yusli Wardiatno
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Nursery Ground ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Physico Chemical

Mangroves prove a habitat for Batillaria zonalis as nursery ground, feeding ground and reproductive ground. This research was conducted from September 2016 - August 2017 and to determine the spasial and temporal pattern  with based on mangrove zone  and environmental characteristics. The gastropods and environmental characteristics were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that significant changes in gastropod assemblages were primarily due to changes in the water quality and season. Correlation between gastropod and physico-chemical parameters in A. marina  revealed significant relationship with gastropod B. zonalis distribution.

scholarly journals Comparison of the physical, chemical and biological parameter magnitudes and cyanobacterial bloom in the Alagados reservoir of Ponta Grossa - PR

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Andressa Beló ◽  
Alvaro Luiz Mathias ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ubirajara Gontarski
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ecological Complexity ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Chemical Conditions

The cyanobacterial bloom is a consequence of eutrophication in a lentic environment. It is attributed to the contribution of nutrients related to anthropic action, as well as geographic and physico-chemical conditions. Water quality parameters of Alagados reservoir, which supplies Ponta Grossa, were determined between 08/2013 and 08/2014 to evaluate their effects on the occurrence of bloom. Some parameters, such as pH (9.1), DO (4.2 mg L-1), BOD (39 mg L-1), TP (0.86 mg L-1) and number of cyanobacterial cells (372,536 cells mL-1), were outside the limits recommended by CONAMA 357/05 for Class II and Decree 2,914/11 of the Ministry of Health. The bloom was predominantly caused by the overdevelopment of Cylindrospermopsis sp. and required additional use of chemical products in the treatment of municipal water supplies, to include coagulant (19.6%), polymer (21.0%) and activated carbon (1,889%), with a corresponding cost increase of 58%. The Water Quality Index confirmed the worsening of reservoir water quality during bloom. The Principal Component Analysis of historical data (01/2003 to 08/2014) did not discriminate the cyanobacteria levels classes (< 2,000, 2,000-20,000, 20,000-50,000 and > 50,000 cells mL-1) based on Brazilian standards, which was confirmed by the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis; although it confirmed a logical correlation between some parameters (climatic condition-reservoir rainfall-reservoir level and BOD-COD). The unidentified correlations can be attributed to the adaptability of Cylindrospermopsis sp. and the ecological complexity that requires higher sampling frequency.

scholarly journals Insights from Water Quality of High Andean Springs for Human Consumption in Peru

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2650
Author(s):  
David Choque-Quispe ◽  
Sandro Froehner ◽  
Carlos A. Ligarda-Samanez ◽  
Betsy S. Ramos-Pacheco ◽  
Diego Elio Peralta-Guevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Frequent Monitoring ◽  
Permissible Levels

The headwaters of the high Andean basin in Peru accumulate water from the mist, rain, snow, and hail, and it is transported superficially and underground to low-lying areas, mostly used for drinkable purposes. The natural water in these areas might be altered due to legal and illegal mining extraction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality for human consumption. Seventeen water samples were examined from Andahuaylas (A), San Jerónimo (S), Talavera (T), and Chiara (CH) districts located between 2813 and 4004 m altitude in the Andes. We used physicochemical, microbiological, and metal parameters, and the results were compared to permissible levels established by the WHO and ECA-Peru to examine samples collected in the dry and rainy seasons in 2019. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) identified areas and conditioning parameters. Extractive mining activity influences the quality of springs due to the presence of metals, especially antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), values of which are higher than values permissible for human consumption, being higher in the dry season (p < 0.05). In addition, the presence of cations and particulate matter affects physico-chemical parameters, for example turbidity. PCA showed that parameters for water characterization are season-independent, and water quality in the springs would be conditioned by the presence of metals, especially in Andahuaylas and Talavera zones, as well as the parameters that are associated with dissolved solids in the water (turbidity and fluorides). A frequent monitoring program of springs and groundwater is recommended, with the purpose to protect water from contamination and guarantee safe water availability in low-lying and urbanized areas.

scholarly journals Geospatial mapping and drinking water quality status of fluoride endemic hilly District Doda (J&K), India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-423
Author(s):  
Karan Dev Jamwal ◽  
Deepika Slathia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Geospatial Mapping ◽  
Quality Status

In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the drinking water quality status of various surface and ground water sources and the supplied water from two water filtration plants supplying drinking water to Doda town and its adjoining areas by using Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) and geospatial mapping techniques. Doda is fluoride endemic district of Jammu and Kashmir State where groundwater fluoride concentration upto 7.0 mg/L is recorded. Water samples collected from about twenty two drinking water sources from two blocks of Doda district (Bhagwah and Doda blocks) were analyzed at pre-determined locations marked using handheld GPS(Montana 650). These locations formed the attribute database for the study based on which fluoride distribution maps have been derived and integrated with Arithmetic WQI through Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation technique. Prepared thematic maps have confirmed the vulnerability of the drinking water sources and water supply systems in the study area, thus, posing a serious public health concern. Based on the WQI, water quality status of Beoli filtration plant (WQI=43.26) falls under the category of good water whereas that of Moochan filtration plant (WQI=157.41) has been classified as unfit for drinking. The geochemical evolution of the water studied using Piper’s diagram has shown mixed type of hydrochemical facies. Coefficient of correlation(r) between different parameters has indicated significant correlation between several parameters.  The study urges the concerned government authorities to make provisions for providing safe drinking water to public which is free of turbidity and low in fluoride concentration.

Spatial and seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of the Imo River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
L. E. Obuba ◽  
A.A. Nlewadim ◽  
A. Uka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Analysis Of Results

Variations in the water quality of the Imo River estuary was investigated by measuring values of selected physico-chemical parameters. Samples were collected bi-monthly between April 2015 and March 2016, covering the dry and wet seasons of the year. Three stations were selected: upstream (Kalibiama), midstream (Opobo) and downstream (Queenstown). Analysis of results showed that physico-chemical parameters were affected more on seasonal than spatial scale. Principal component analysis carried out indicated that values of most of the parameters recorded within the stations clustered together. On the other hand, dispersed values were recorded in months and seasons with significant variations at (p≤0.05) among most parameters. The high spatial variations in phosphates, suspended solids and lead could be associated to human activities like laundry and waste disposal within Opobo and Kalibiama stations. While, high seasonal variability in most parameters could be associated with intense sunshine, cloud cover and tidal intrusion/dilution due to runoff. It can be concluded that nutrient fluxes due to nitrogenous fertilizers are not a problem within the estuary. However, chemical factors and biodegradable components which cause fluctuations in biological oxygen demand are more of the challenge. Keywords: Land-use, nutrient flux, water-quality, pollution, coastal wetlands.

scholarly journals First results on physico-chemical status and bathymetry of lakes in Ramaroshan Wetland, Far-West Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Tarka Bahadur Chalaune ◽  
Alina Dangol ◽  
Jiban Sharma ◽  
Chhatra Mani Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

This study investigates the bathymetry of three major lakes and the water quality of nine lakes at Ramaroshan Lake Complex Area (RLCA), Far-Western Nepal. Lakes were surveyed based on line transects using Echosounder (depth measuring gauge) and GPS to collect the data for bathymetry. Water samples were collected from 43 sites of nine lakes, considering the land use patterns, anthropogenic activities, inlets, and outlets. Twenty physico-chemical parameters were analyzed to know the water characteristics and pollution level. The bathymetry map showed that Jingale is the deepest lake (44 m), followed by Batula (15 m) and Mathillo Dhaune (9.5 m). There was no significant spatial variability in the concentration of physicochemical parameters among the sampling sites. The mean concentrations of cations and anions were in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+> K+, and HCO3-> Cl-> SO42-> PO42-> NO3-, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) techniques were applied to assess the influence of pollution levels and their controlling mechanism. PCA showed 79.89 % of the cumulative variance with > 1.26 Eigenvalue. Similarly, CA showed that Jingale Lake (in cluster 2) sites were less polluted than other sampling sites. Piper diagram concluded that there was a dominance of mixed water type belonging to Ca-Mg-Cl compared to Ca-HCO3. Furthermore, the Water Quality Index (WQI) value of the lakes in the study area was 27 indicating good water quality (slightly polluted).

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