scholarly journals Extraction of bioavailable phosphorus in soils and sediments using an ultrasonic washing machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-770
Author(s):  
Ting Ka Ling ◽  
Kuriko Yokota ◽  
Makoto Saga ◽  
Takanobu Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Single Step ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Washing Machine ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Bioavailable Phosphorus ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Multiple Samples

Abstract For improving the management of watershed eutrophication, methods for measuring bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) are more important than measurements of total phosphorus (TP). BAP in particulate form (P-BAP) is an important substance that promotes eutrophication, especially during rainy seasons. Only a portion of particulate phosphorus (PP) is taken up by algae that contribute to eutrophication. Erosion and runoff associated with rainfall transport PP bound to sediments and soil particles to surface waters, thus increasing PP concentration. This research evaluated an extraction method using an ultrasonic washing machine for extraction time and frequency. Extraction at a frequency of 28–45 kHz and an extraction time of 1 min resulted in extracted P concentrations almost the same as concentrations extracted using conventional methods. This new method requires less time and is more efficient than conventional methods because it extracts P from multiple samples in a single step. Results indicate that extraction using an ultrasonic washing machine is a promising method for rapidly obtaining BAP from sediments and soil particles.

scholarly journals Optimization of novel single-step gelatin extraction method using RSM model for valorization of surimi industry by-products

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushboo ◽  
Nutan Kaushik ◽  
Kristina Norne Widell ◽  
Rasa Slizyte ◽  
Asha Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Hydroxyproline Content ◽  
Nemipterus Japonicus ◽  
Bovine Gelatin ◽  
By Products

Abstract Surimi industry produces large quantity of by-products as a combination of skin, bones, and scale, which due to technical difficulty in separation, are being currently utilized for production of low- value products such as biofertilizers and fish feed. Present paper focuses on utilization of combined skin, bones, and scale from Pink Perch (Nemipterus japonicus) obtained from surimi industry for gelatin extraction using single step process. Single step extraction method with acetic acid and water was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to maximize yield and gel strength so that the process can be applied for sustainable utilization. Parameters such as pH (A), extraction temperature (B) and extraction time (C) with respect to yield and L-hydroxyproline content were optimized. Highest gelatin yield was obtained at pH 3, 75°C extraction temperature, and 30 min extraction time. Gelatin yield and L-hydroxyproline content under optimum condition were 16.2% and 41.62 mg.g−1. The chemical composition, functional, rheological, and structural properties of gelatin were examined and compared with commercial bovine gelatin. Gelatin thus obtained at optimized condition exhibited high gel strength (793g) and higher imino acid content (18.1%) than bovine gelatin. FTIR spectra depicted high similarities between both gelatin sample. Thus, the optimized method can be utilized for gelatin extraction from Pink Perch by-products for development of high value products such as food application.

scholarly journals Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Hindered Amides via Cobalt-Catalyzed Intermolecular Oxidative Hydroamidation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Nian Yin ◽  
Rui-Qi Ding ◽  
Dong-Chen Ouyang ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Rong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Rapid Synthesis ◽  
Tertiary Alcohols ◽  
Chemoselective Synthesis ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Tertiary Amides

α-Tertiary amides are of great importance for medicinal chemistry. However, they are often challenging to access through conventional methods due to reactivity and chemoselectivity issues. Here we report a single-step approach towards such amides via cobalt-catalyzed intermolecular oxidative hydroamidation of unactivated alkenes, using nitriles of either solvent- or reagent-quantities. This protocol is orthogonal to groups that rapidly react under known carbocation amidation conditions such as tertiary alcohols, electron-rich alkenes, ketals, weak C−H bonds, and carboxylic acids. Straightforward access to a diverse array of hindered amides is demonstrated, including a rapid synthesis of an aminoadamantane-derived pharmaceutical intermediate.

scholarly journals Liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Jalili ◽  
Abdullah Barkhordari ◽  
Alireza Ghiasvand
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Liquid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Conventional Methods

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds comprised of two or more fused benzene rings, which arise from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. These compounds have been of concern as carcinogens and mutagens for the past 50-60 years. Lately, they are also receiving attention as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Therefore, proper analytical methods are required for sampling and analyzing these compounds. In response to problems associated with the conventional methods like solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), many studies have focused on the miniaturization of different sample preparation techniques. In this regard, the use of different types of liquid phase microextraction (LPME) techniques has increased significantly during the recent few decades. LPME techniques are advantageous because they use single-step sample preparation and have shown a greater sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency than the conventional methods. In addition, these techniques have good potential for automation, to reduce the time and cost of analysis. This review focuses on the most important configurations of LPME including single‐drop microextraction (SDME), hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) techniques used for the sampling and determination of PAHs in different samples, along with their cons and pros, as well as their prospects.

scholarly journals Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Hindered Amides via Cobalt-Catalyzed Intermolecular Oxidative Hydroamidation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Nian Yin ◽  
Rui-Qi Ding ◽  
Dong-Chen Ouyang ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Rong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Rapid Synthesis ◽  
Tertiary Alcohols ◽  
Chemoselective Synthesis ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Tertiary Amides

α-Tertiary amides are of great importance for medicinal chemistry. However, they are often challenging to access through conventional methods due to reactivity and chemoselectivity issues. Here we report a single-step approach towards such amides via cobalt-catalyzed intermolecular oxidative hydroamidation of unactivated alkenes, using nitriles of either solvent- or reagent-quantities. This protocol is orthogonal to groups that rapidly react under known carbocation amidation conditions such as tertiary alcohols, electron-rich alkenes, ketals, weak C−H bonds, and carboxylic acids. Straightforward access to a diverse array of hindered amides is demonstrated, including a rapid synthesis of an aminoadamantane-derived pharmaceutical intermediate.

EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS SHAKERS IN THE PARTICLE-SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Lemieux
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Washing Machine ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Abrasive Action

A review is made of the various types of shakers in use today in the particle-size analysis of soils with regard to their efficiency in speeding up dispersion with minimum abrasion of particles. Photomicrographs of soil particles submitted to the Bouyoucos drink mixer and a reciprocating shaker show the abrasive action of the former. Treatment with the Bouyoucos mixer strongly affected the proportion of the five commonly separated sand fractions as well as that of silt and clay. These observations seem to preclude the use of the Bouyoucos mixer for anything but routine analyses to determine broad textural classes.It is recommended that whenever accurate analyses are desired, shakers of the tumbling or reciprocating type be used. A simple, inexpensive reciprocating shaker, built out of a washing machine, is described.

scholarly journals Supercritical Fluid Technologies to Fabricate Proliposomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Falconer ◽  
Darren Svirskis ◽  
Ali A. Adil ◽  
Zimei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Industrial Manufacturing ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Conventional Methods

Proliposomes are stable drug carrier systems designed to form liposomes upon addition of an aqueous phase. In this review, current trends in the use of supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies to prepare proliposomes are discussed. SCF methods are used in pharmaceutical research and industry to address limitations associated with conventional methods of pro/liposome fabrication. The SCF solvent methods of proliposome preparation are eco-friendly (known as green technology) and, along with the SCF anti-solvent methods, could be advantageous over conventional methods; enabling better design of particle morphology (size and shape). The major hurdles of SCF methods include poor scalability to industrial manufacturing which may result in variable particle characteristics. In the case of SCF anti-solvent methods, another hurdle is the reliance on organic solvents. However, the amount of solvent required is typically less than that used by the conventional methods. Another hurdle is that most of the SCF methods used have complicated manufacturing processes, although once the setup has been completed, SCF technologies offer a single-step process in the preparation of proliposomes compared to the multiple steps required by many other methods. Furthermore, there is limited research into how proliposomes will be converted into liposomes for the end-user, and how such a product can be prepared reproducibly in terms of vesicle size and drug loading. These hurdles must be overcome and with more research, SCF methods, especially where the SCF acts as a solvent, have the potential to offer a strong alternative to the conventional methods to prepare proliposomes. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

Ultrasonic treatment for quantification of bioavailable phosphorus in soils and suspended sediments

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1745-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh Ngoc ◽  
Takanobu Inoue ◽  
Kuriko Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Bioavailable Phosphorus ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Different Characteristics

Several bioassays and chemical extraction methods have been proposed to quantify bioavailable phosphorus (BAP), but procedural and theoretical limitations have hindered their use. In this paper, we developed a method for P extraction from agricultural soil and suspended sediment by combining ultrasonic treatment with extraction by 0.1 molL−1 NaOH solution. The extraction process is less time-consuming and technically simpler than alternative conventional chemical methods. The high correlation (r = 0.97) between P extraction with the ultrasonic treatment and the conventional extraction methods suggests the new technique is a promising method for quantifying BAP in agricultural soils and suspended sediments. The method should be tested in soils and sediments that possess different characteristics to confirm the range of its applicability.

Spin-polarized Scanning Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-769
Author(s):  
Kazuyuki Koike ◽  
Hideo Matsuyama
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Magnetic Thin Films ◽  
Electron Spin Polarization ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Magnetization Direction ◽  
Spin Polarized ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Scanning Electron

Spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy (spin SEM), where the secondary electron spin polarization is used as the image signal, is a novel technique for magnetic domain observation. Since its first development by Koike and Hayakawa in 1984, several laboratories have extensively studied this technique and have greatly improved its capability for data extraction and its range of applications. This paper reviews the progress over the last few years.Almost all the high expectations initially held for spin SEM have been realized. A spatial resolution of several hundreds angstroms has been attained, which is nearly one order of magnitude higher than that of conventional methods for thick samples. Quantitative analysis of magnetization direction has been performed more easily than with conventional methods. Domain observation of the surface of three-dimensional samples has been confirmed to be possible. One of the drawbacks, a long image acquisition time, has been eased by combining highspeed image-signal processing with high speed scanning, although at the cost of image quality. By using spin SEM, the magnetic structure of a 180 degrees surface Neel wall, magnetic thin films, multilayered films, magnetic discs, etc., have been investigated.

V884: Demonstration of a Novel Single-Step Percutaneous Access Sheath for Nephrostolithotomy: A Video Presentation

2005 ◽  
Vol 173 (4S) ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
Premal J. Desai ◽  
David A. Hadley ◽  
Lincoln J. Maynes ◽  
D. Duane Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Single Step ◽  
Video Presentation ◽  
Percutaneous Access ◽  
Access Sheath
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