scholarly journals ON ESTIMATING THE ADDITIONAL INCIDENCE OF COVID-19 AMONG POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO POLLUTED AMBIENT AIR: METHODICAL APPROACHES AND SOME PRACTICAL RESULTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
N.V. Zaitseva ◽  
◽  
I.V. May ◽  
J. Reis ◽  
P.S. Spenser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Actual Incidence

This research is vital due to the considerable global medical and demographic losses during the COVID-19 pandemic and the latest research works providing evidence of a correlation between air pollution and spread of the disease, its sever- ity, clinical course and outcomes. Our research goal was to quantitatively estimate the influence of ambient air pollution on SARS-CoV-2 spread among populations in six cities in the Russian Federation. These cities were among priority ones as per air pollution and were in- cluded in the “Clean air” Federal project (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, Omsk, Cherepovets, and Lipetsk). Our hypothesis was that dynamic features of the infection spread would be different from an expected model of its epi- demiologic process under exposure to environmental pollution. Regression and correlation analysis was performed for rela- tionships between a daily deviation in actual incidence from a basic epidemiologic scenario and the average daily concen- trations of chemicals in ambient air. The initial data were results obtained from instrument measurements of ambient air quality in the examined cities (approximately 10.8 thousand measurements covering 29 chemicals) and the daily incidence of COVID-19 from April 18, 2020 to July 31, 2021 (77,337 cases). An authentic correlation between COVID-19 incidence and chemical concentrations in ambient air was detected in all six examined cities. The contribution of air pollution to COVID-19 prevalence amounted to 5.0 ± 2.6 % in five cities (Kras- noyarsk, Norilsk, Omsk, Cherepovets, and Lipetsk) over the examined period. In Bratsk, this value was about 33% and it requires additional research for either confirmation or correction. Growth in COVID-19 incidence in the examined territo- ries is associated with particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and some other chemicals that can irritate the airway directly or indirectly (sulfuric acid vapors, hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulphide, etc.). Target levels were substantiated for several priority chemicals; should these levels be achieved, one would predict a decrease in COVID-19 prevalence by more than 1-3% in the examined cities. We propose that population morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19 require further studies, including those combined with medical and biological examination regarding efficiency of vaccination and post-vaccination immunity per- sistence on territories with elevated environmental pollution.

scholarly journals ON ESTIMATING THE ADDITIONAL INCIDENCE OF COVID-19 AMONG POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO POLLUTED AMBIENT AIR: METHODICAL APPROACHES AND SOME PRACTICAL RESULTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
N.V. Zaitseva ◽  
◽  
I.V. May ◽  
J. Reis ◽  
P.S. Spenser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Actual Incidence

This research is vital due to the considerable global medical and demographic losses during the COVID-19 pandemic and the latest research works providing evidence of a correlation between air pollution and spread of the disease, its sever- ity, clinical course and outcomes. Our research goal was to quantitatively estimate the influence of ambient air pollution on SARS-CoV-2 spread among populations in six cities in the Russian Federation. These cities were among priority ones as per air pollution and were in- cluded in the “Clean air” Federal project (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, Omsk, Cherepovets, and Lipetsk). Our hypothesis was that dynamic features of the infection spread would be different from an expected model of its epi- demiologic process under exposure to environmental pollution. Regression and correlation analysis was performed for rela- tionships between a daily deviation in actual incidence from a basic epidemiologic scenario and the average daily concen- trations of chemicals in ambient air. The initial data were results obtained from instrument measurements of ambient air quality in the examined cities (approximately 10.8 thousand measurements covering 29 chemicals) and the daily incidence of COVID-19 from April 18, 2020 to July 31, 2021 (77,337 cases). An authentic correlation between COVID-19 incidence and chemical concentrations in ambient air was detected in all six examined cities. The contribution of air pollution to COVID-19 prevalence amounted to 5.0 ± 2.6 % in five cities (Kras- noyarsk, Norilsk, Omsk, Cherepovets, and Lipetsk) over the examined period. In Bratsk, this value was about 33% and it requires additional research for either confirmation or correction. Growth in COVID-19 incidence in the examined territo- ries is associated with particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and some other chemicals that can irritate the airway directly or indirectly (sulfuric acid vapors, hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulphide, etc.). Target levels were substantiated for several priority chemicals; should these levels be achieved, one would predict a decrease in COVID-19 prevalence by more than 1-3% in the examined cities. We propose that population morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19 require further studies, including those combined with medical and biological examination regarding efficiency of vaccination and post-vaccination immunity per- sistence on territories with elevated environmental pollution.

Ambient Air Pollution: Respiratory Hazards to Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1210-1213
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Clean Air Act ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Clean Air

Levels of many outdoor air pollutants decreased substantially after the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970; however, levels of ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter are still high enough to present hazards to children. Failure to meet the federal standards for these pollutants was a major force driving the adoption of the revised Clean Air Act of 1990. In addition, recent research indicates that acidic aerosols, for which there are no health-based standards, may be associated with adverse respiratory effects. As an ambient air pollutant, ozone is formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons (both of which are emitted by motor vehicles and industrial sources). Ozone levels therefore tend to be highest on warm, sunny days, which are conducive to outdoor activities. In many areas ozone concentrations peak in the midafternoon, when children are likely to be playing outside. It is important to distinguish ground-level ozone air pollution from stratospheric ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons. These issues are unrelated. Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is emitted mainly from cars and other mobile sources. Airborne particulate matter is a variable and complex mixture of natural materials and substances released from numerous industries, motor vehicles, residential wood burning, construction and demolition, and other sources. Acidic aerosols are traceable mainly to combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels and to reactions of photochemical free radicals with nitrogen dioxide. Exposure to ambient air pollution in North America has been clearly associated with acute and subacute effects in epidemiologic investigations and in controlled exposure studies in environmental chambers.

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION OF JHANSI CITY, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. CHAUHAN ◽  
BHANUMATI SINGH ◽  
SHREE GANESH ◽  
JAMSHED ZAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Status

Studies on air pollution in large cities of India showed that ambient air pollution concentrations are at such levels where serious health effects are possible. This paper presents overview on the status of air quality index (AQI) of Jhansi city by using multivariate statistical techniques. This base line data can help governmental and non-governmental organizations for the management of air pollution.

Key Aspects of Assessing Effectiveness and Efficiency of Implementation of the Federal Clean Air Project on the Example of the Comprehensive Emission Reduction Action Plan in Nizhny Tagil

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
SV Yarushin ◽  
DV Kuzmin ◽  
AA Shevchik ◽  
TM Tsepilova ◽  
VB Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Key issues of assessing effectiveness and economic efficiency of implementing the Federal Clean Air Project by public health criteria are considered based on the example of the Comprehensive Emission Reduction Action Plan realized in the city of Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region. Materials and methods: We elaborated method approaches and reviewed practical aspects of evaluating measures taken in 2018–2019 at key urban industrial enterprises accounting for 95 % of stationary source emissions. Results: Summary calculations of ambient air pollution and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic inhalation health risks including residual risks, evaluation of the impact of air quality on urban mortality and morbidity rates, economic assessment of prevented morbidity and premature mortality cases have enabled us not only to estimate health effects but also to develop guidelines for development and implementation of actions aimed at enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of industrial emission reduction in terms of health promotion of the local population. Conclusions: We substantiate proposals for the necessity and sufficiency of taking remedial actions ensuring achievement of acceptable health risk levels as targets of the Comprehensive Emission Reduction Action Plan in Nizhny Tagil until 2024 and beyond.

scholarly journals Differential Effect of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure on Risk of Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia

Hypertension ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie J. Nobles ◽  
Andrew Williams ◽  
Marion Ouidir ◽  
Seth Sherman ◽  
Pauline Mendola
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure
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