scholarly journals Wpływ nowożytnego antropocentryzmu na relację człowieka do przyrody. Część pierwsza

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Anita Ganowicz-Bączyk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
A Value ◽  
European Culture ◽  
New Type ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The One

Anthropocentrism seems to be a fundamental notion concerning the man-nature relation. The anthropocentric attitude is largely meant to be the main cause of the ecological crisis. One can distinguish at least several stages of the process, which led to this crisis, namely: stage of Magic and Myth, Ancient Times, Middle Ages, and Modern Times. The aim of this article is to show the process of development of an anthropocentric thought in Modern European culture when the culmination of this process is observed. Among the causes of the modern worldview, one can mention e.g. the modern conception of science (worked out mainly by N. Copernicus, G. Galilei, G. Bruno, F. Bacon, I. Newton, R. Descartes), the technology development, as well as social, political and cultural changes. Both, geocentric and theocentric worldview were rejected. The secularization of European societies shifted to man’s attitude not only towards God but also is creation – nature. People began to treat nature as a challenge and material. God-Creator was replaced by man-designer. A new type of anthropocentrism appeared, which tried to find the answer to the fundamental questions in the human being himself. This resulted in the negation of a strict dependence of mankind on nature and in the tendency to subordinate nature to man. The cognition of nature served then as a means for the sake of mankind only. The man was obliged even to dominate nature which was viewed as a complex of mathematical laws, a value-free mechanism determined by laws of nature. Contemporary view on nature and man was influenced also by philosophical views which on the one hand excluded man from nature (I. Kant) and on the other made attempts to restore man to nature (J. J. Rousseau, F. W. J. Schelling).

scholarly journals Wpływ nowożytnego antropocentryzmu na relację człowieka do przyrody. Część 2

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Anita Ganowicz-Bączyk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Fundamental Notion ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The One

Anthropocentrism seems to be a fundamental notion concerning the man-nature relation. ?e anthropocentric attitude is largely meant to be the main cause of the ecological crisis. One can distinguish at least several stages of the process, which led to this crisis, namely: stage of Magic and Myth, Ancient Times, Middle Ages, and Modern Times. The aim of this article is to show the process of development of an anthropocentric thought in Modern European culture when the culmination of this process is observed. Among the causes of the modern worldview, one can mention e.g. the modern conception of science, technology development, as well as social, political, and cultural changes. Contemporary view on nature and man was influenced not only by mechanistic and materialistic theories tending to subordinate nature to man (G. Bruno, F. Bacon, R. Descartes) but also by philosophical views which on the one hand excluded man from nature (I. Kant) and on the other made attempts to restore man to nature (J. J. Rousseau, F. W. J. Schelling). 

scholarly journals Starożytne źródła antropocentryzmu

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Anita Ganowicz-Bączyk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
World View ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
Subject Of Cognition

Anthropocentrism seems to be a key notion related to the man-nature relation. Probably he is also the most controversial one in environmental ethics. The anthropocentric attitude is sometimes meant to be the main cause of the ecological crisis. One can distinguish at least several stages of the process, which led to this crisis, namely: stage of Magic and Myth, Ancient Times, Middle Ages, and Modern Times. The aim of this article is to show the process of development of an anthropocentric thought in Ancient European culture. Supposedly the critical phase for this process is the so-called Neolithic Revolution. Changes brought by this deeply influenced life of man. Not only affected the transformation of his world-view but also had an impact on the modification of society itself. Mentioned changes led among other things to the rejection of magic and mythical world-view, in which the Universe was perceived as a harmonious and friendly place to live in. A doubt appeared instead, what the place of man in the world really is. These questions reflected in philosophical views of that time. To sum up, the originated by Ancient Greek philosophers outlook on nature, in which nature was recognized as a living organism and a man as an immanent part of it, had been gradually dropped out. It appeared that man falls outside the mechanical laws of nature because he is able to understand them and use this knowledge for his own goals (Democritus), man’s soul makes him transcend nature and dominate it (Socrates), man’s existence is purposeful, he is superior to other material beings as a crown of nature and the most complex and perfect being (Aristotle). This process led to a recognition of the objective existence of the world, which in fact is independent of human cognition. Ultimately, this resulted in the objectification of nature as an object of man’s cognition and research. Nature was then gradually put in opposition to man – the subject of cognition.

Formation of a New Person as a Formational Meaning. The Era of Transformation in the History of Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-2) ◽  
pp. 366-383
Author(s):  
Gennady Pikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
End Of History ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
Transitional Processes ◽  
The End Of History ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
Bourgeois Culture ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
The One

The article draws attention to the fact that the phenomenon of marginality is the formation of one's own environment, although not completely dissolving into it. Traditional culture goes into the "basements" of society or manifests itself in the life and mentality of marginals. In a society affected by crisis, several cultural trajectories collide: descending, ascending and, for the marginalized, breaking traditional ties and creating their own, completely different world. In fact, marginality is the third culture, a special socio-cultural state. The article discusses its corresponding components. The prerequisites of global transformation are considered. The situation in Europe begins to change fundamentally at the turn of the I-II millennia. The formation of the era of European Transformation can begin with the XI-XIII centuries, when "Catholic" Europe appears. Phenomenal in its results was the "Renaissance of the XII century", the first truly pan-European Revival at the origins of the era of Transformation. With this, the movement towards a High Renaissance began. The Crusades (XI-XIII centuries) are particularly highlighted. After the Crusades, two variants of capitalism become promising and predominant in Europe and North America, and then their slow convergence continues. The XIII century became a milestone for contemporaries. On the one hand, Europe, it would seem, reached the end of history by creating some kind of optimal model. On the other hand, the reverse side of the idea of the "end of history" became clearly visible. The Mongols, having captured most of Eurasia, reformatted the ethno-political space. In this century, capitalist Europe is born, in fact, as a special development option. Highlighting the era of transformation does not mean that we should abandon the usual division of European history into known periods: antiquity, the Middle Ages, modern times. This periodization successfully emphasizes social and economic aspects and provides a chronological understanding of transitional processes. The era of Transformation is more voluminous, since we are talking about the transition from a centuries-old traditional society to a new stage of human development. Neither the Renaissance nor the Reformation created a new culture, the so-called bourgeois culture will have many faces, both international and national. The main thing is seen in the liberation of man from the former powerful civilizational model, Latin-Christian, i.e. Imperial-ecclesiastical, and ultimately - in the formation of a new type of man.

scholarly journals Existential challenges of modernity and vector for their solution

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
Vadim Markovich Rozin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

This article reviews the challenges and problems of modernity, as well as discusses the ideas and vectors for their solution. The first problem is demotes as the crisis of modern culture and the need to preserve life on the planet. It is associated with the nature and development of European sociality, which generated the ecological crisis, pandemic, and other problems. The author argues that the culture of modernity ceases and is about to be replaced by another culture (future culture). The second problem delineates “social theodicy”, i.e. development of attitude towards increasing evil. The main aspects of this phenomenon are discussed. The third problem pointed by the author, is the problem of salvation and righteous life. In this regard are examined two different models that determine cultural life: semantic view of life of the entire society, and scenarios of individual life. Comparison is conducted on the scenarios of individual life of the Middle Ages and Modern Age; the uncertainty of the latter is underlined (if not readiness for Parousia, then what: engagement in implementation of the project of modernity, but pursuing which purpose – enrichment, success, happiness, fulfillment of duty?). The pattern of the individual scenario of future culture is outlined. Within its framework, a person must solve the following dilemma –on the one hand, human is finite and mortal, while on the other, as a human of history and culture – infinite and immortal. The solution to this dilemma is offered. In conclusion, the author discusses the anchors that the person of the transitional era can rely on: critical and reflexive thinking, family ties, identity, creativity and art.

Postmodernism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Deeds Ermarth
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The term ‘postmodernism’ appears in a range of contexts, from academic essays to clothing advertisements in the New York Times. Its meaning differs with context to such an extent that it seems to function like Lévi-Strauss’ ‘floating signifier’: not so much to express a value as to hold open a space for that which exceeds expression. This broad capacity of the term ‘postmodernism’ testifies to the scope of the cultural changes it attempts to encompass. Across a wide range of cultural activity there has been a sustained and multivalent challenge to various founding assumptions of Western European culture that have been in place since at least the fifteenth century and in some cases since the fifth century BCE. During the past century new and cognate developments in science, in art, in philosophy and in politics, all have disturbed beliefs that have been basic to modernity: beliefs concerning, for example, structure and identity, transcendence and particularity, the nature of time and space, and causality. Such beliefs are not mere abstractions but powerful engines of knowledge with very practical outcomes. For example, phenomenology seeks to collapse the dualistic distinction between subject and object; relativity physics shifts descriptive emphasis from reality to measurement; the arts move away from realism; consensus politics confronts totalitarianism and genocide. These and related cultural events belong to seismic changes in the way we register the world, formulate thought, and communicate with each other. To grasp what is at stake in postmodernism it is necessary to think historically and broadly, and in that context to recognize that what we are discussing is a condition we are already ‘in’ and not at all a set of beliefs that we can choose or not choose to believe. For these and other reasons it is more appropriate to speak of ‘postmodernity’ rather than the more limited ‘postmodernism’ which sounds as though it might be something optional. Both terms are employed here depending on whether discussion concerns a general condition (postmodernity) or a particular challenge (postmodernism). The difficulty in achieving an agreed focus and vocabulary results in part from the fact that grasping the full range of postmodernity requires investigation across the range of practice, both in and out of academia, and requires a broadly diverse set of problems and issues. Postmodernity is not an ‘academic’ issue; it affects everyone at the most practical level and across the range of practice in various terms. What one might call its ‘multilingual’ impetus – this bringing together of methods and ideas long segregated both in academic disciplines and in practical life – particularly characterizes postmodernism and largely accounts for such resistance as it generates. In academic contexts discussion has been particularly hampered by institutional commitments to traditional disciplinary classifications. Despite lip service to the contrary, universities, libraries and publishers all continue to pursue essentially disciplinary agendas. Few alleged ‘interdisciplinary’ or ‘multidisciplinary’ programmes actually confront the founding methodological differences between disciplines, or amount to much more than mere splicing activities of the kind Charles Dickens pilloried nearly two centuries ago with his book reviewer who boned up on Chinese metaphysics by consulting the Encyclopaedia Brittanica under ‘C’ for China and under ‘M’ for Metaphysics, and then ‘combined his information’. Although diverse and eclectic, postmodernism can be recognized by two key assumptions: first, the assumption that there is no common denominator – in ‘nature’ or ‘truth’ or ‘God’ or ‘time’ – that guarantees either the One-ness of the world or the possibility of neutral, objective thought; second, the assumption that all human systems operate like language as self-reflexive rather than referential systems, in other words systems of differential function that are powerful but finite, and that construct and maintain meaning and value.

Postmodernism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Deeds Ermarth
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The term ‘postmodernism’ appears in a range of contexts, from academic essays to clothing advertisements in the New York Times. Its meaning differs with context to such an extent that it seems to function like Lévi-Strauss’ ‘floating signifier’(Derrida 1982: 290): not so much to express a value as to hold open a space for that which exceeds expression. This broad capacity of the term ‘postmodernism’ testifies to the scope of the cultural changes it attempts to compass. Across a wide range of cultural activity there has been a sustained and multivalent challenge to various founding assumptions of Western European culture since at least the fifteenth century and in some cases since the fifth century bc: assumptions about structure and identity, about transcendence and particularity, about the nature of time and space. From physics to philosophy, from politics to art, the description of the world has changed in ways that upset some basic beliefs of modernity. For example, phenomenology seeks to collapse the dualistic distinction between subject and object; relativity physics shifts descriptive emphasis from reality to measurement; the arts move away from realism; and consensus politics confronts totalitarianism and genocide. These and related cultural events belong to seismic changes in the way we register the world and communicate with each other. To grasp what is at stake in postmodernism it is necessary to think historically and broadly, in the kind of complex terms that inevitably involve multidisciplinary effort. This multilingual impetus, this bringing together of methods and ideas long segregated both in academic disciplines and in practical life, particularly characterizes postmodernism and largely accounts for such resistance as it generates. Although diverse and eclectic, postmodernism can be recognized by two key assumptions. First, the assumption that there is no common denominator – in ‘nature’ or ‘truth’ or ‘God’ or ‘the future’ – that guarantees either the One-ness of the world or the possibility of neutral or objective thought. Second, the assumption that all human systems operate like language, being self-reflexive rather than referential systems – systems of differential function which are powerful but finite, and which construct and maintain meaning and value.

scholarly journals Japanese Traditions of Oral Storytelling in the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-303
Author(s):  
Anastasiya R. Sadokova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Oral Storytelling ◽  
Divine Knowledge ◽  
New Type ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

Japanese folk culture has long rendered traditions of oral storytelling very important. The article looks at the two main types of storytellers: the kataribe and the biwa hōshi. It aims to not only trace the transformation of the forms of storytelling, but also to analyze the changes in the perception of storytellers in the Japanese tradition. The author deems it important to study the activities and mythological perception of the ancient kataribe storytellers, as well as to look at the new type of storytellers, known as the biwa hōshi, who appeared in the Japanese culture in the 12th–13th centuries. They recited tales of battles and heroes of the old time to the accompaniment of biwa lutes. The article points out that in ancient times, storytellers were not just seen as regular performers. In the minds of people, they possessed special divine knowledge. However, their reputation changed in the Middle Ages with the appearance of stories linking the storytellers to otherworldly the forces and demons. People started seeing oral storytellers as mediums, and any musical instrument was thought to possess special powers. The role of storytellers went beyond that of simple performers. They became an important element of the Japanese concept of coexistence of people, gods, and demonic characters in the same world.

ACCOUNTING ASPECTS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-173
Author(s):  
Andrii Makurin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Operations Management ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Virtual Currency ◽  
Market Rate ◽  
New Type ◽  
Digital Asset ◽  
Technological Means ◽  
Information Technology Development ◽  
The One

The information technology development results in the origin of new types of cryptocurrency. Main advantages of the cryptocurrency use are decentralization and freedom of transactions. Cryptocurrency acts worldwide as the inexpensive technological means of payment as well as special form of investment. Nowadays, there is no shared idea as for the interpretation of the “cryptocurrency” concept. On the one hand, it is considered as the “virtual currency” and called both a special payment network and a new type of monetary means. On the other hand, it is called a “digital asset”, which can be exchanged for other assets. Cryptocurrency is characterized by a free market rate formed on the demand-supply basis.

ANALISIS VARIASI JUMLAH SUDU TURBIN BERPENAMPANG PELAT DATAR PADA TURBIN AIR ALIRAN VORTEX DENGAN TIPE SALURAN MASUK INVOLUTE

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Adnan Al Farisi ◽  
Yopi Handoyo ◽  
Taufiqur Rokhman
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Vortex Flow ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
A Value ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
The One ◽  
Flow Vortex

The One of alternative energy that is environmentally friendly is by untilize water energy and turn it into a Microhydro power plant. Microhydro power plant usually made from utilize the waterfall with the head fell. While utilization for streams with a head small drop is not optimal yet. This is a reference to doing research on harnessing the flow of a river that has a value of head low between 0.7 m – 1.4 m with turning it into a Vortex flow (vortex). The purpose of this research is to know  the effect variation number of blade on power and efficiency in the vortex turbine. This research uses experimental methods to find current, voltage, torque and rpm using a reading instrument. The materials research vortex turbine used 6 blade, 8 blade and 10 blade with flat plate. The result showed the highest efficiency is 29,93 % with produce turbine power is 19,58 W, generated on turbine with variation 10 blade with load 3,315 kg and the capacity of water 10,14 l/s. Followed with an efficiency 24,17% and produce turbine power is 15,81 W, generated on turbine with the variation 8 blade with load 3,315 kg and the capacity of water is 10,14 l/s. The the lowest turbine efficiency 22,32% with produce tuebine power 14,60 W, generated on turbine with the variation 6 blade with load 3,315 kg, the capacity of water is 10,14 l/s.

Evaluation of the Properties of Humus Liquid of Earthworm Eisenia Foetida Obtained from Different Rachis

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Remigio Gaibor Fernández ◽  
Abraham Adalberto Bayas Zamora ◽  
Galo Israel Muñoz Sánchez ◽  
Cristhian Adrián Rivas Santacruz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Eisenia Foetida ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
A Value ◽  
The One ◽  
Liquid Slurry

The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the physical characteristics of the vermicompost and the quality of the purine of the red Californian (Eisenia foetida) using different substrates of feed for these worms. For this purpose, nine treatments were studied: 75% African palm rachis + 25% cattle manure, 50% African palm rachis + 50% cattle manure, 25% African palm rachis + 75% livestock manure, 50% manure of cattle, 50% of manure of cattle, 25% of manure of cattle, 50% of manure of cattle, 50% of manure of cattle, 50% of rach of coconut + 50% of manure of Livestock, 25% coccus rachis + 75% livestock manure. The substrate made up of 50% of rachis of coconut and 50% of livestock manure can be used in nurseries or nurseries for being the one that registered a value of pH 7.3 plus the closest to the neutral compared to the others, besides this (75% of oil palm rachis and 25% of cattle manure) showed a higher content of humic and fulvic acids (0.87 and 0.45 p / p, respectively), compounds that are important for agriculture by stimulating plant growth, in addition to this reflection 0.06% sulfur content, 4.0 ppm boron, 7.0 ppm copper, 47.5 ppm iron, 6.0 ppm manganese, with a presence of microorganisms of the species Trichoderma, Penicillium, Cladosporium sp. in amounts of 1.91x105 UFC / ml, however in this substrate was obtained between 13.3 and 43.5% less liquid slurry in Comparison with other treatments.

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