scholarly journals Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic techniques for the study of electrode materials with relevance to energy generation and energy storage

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Scherson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques

Nanoclay based graphene polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites: promising electrode materials for supercapacitors

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (84) ◽  
pp. 68334-68344 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Oraon ◽  
A. De Adhikari ◽  
S. K. Tiwari ◽  
G. C. Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Hybrid Nanocomposites ◽  
Ex Situ

Nanoclay based graphene polyaniline (PANI) hybrid nanocomposites were synthesized by bothin situandex situapproaches and the effect of nanoclay on the energy storage capability was explored.

scholarly journals In-Situ Tools Used in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Research—Review

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Purna C. Ghimire ◽  
Arjun Bhattarai ◽  
Tuti M. Lim ◽  
Nyunt Wai ◽  
Maria Skyllas-Kazacos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Cell Performance ◽  
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Vanadium Redox

Progress in renewable energy production has directed interest in advanced developments of energy storage systems. The all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the attractive technologies for large scale energy storage due to its design versatility and scalability, longevity, good round-trip efficiencies, stable capacity and safety. Despite these advantages, the deployment of the vanadium battery has been limited due to vanadium and cell material costs, as well as supply issues. Improving stack power density can lower the cost per kW power output and therefore, intensive research and development is currently ongoing to improve cell performance by increasing electrode activity, reducing cell resistance, improving membrane selectivity and ionic conductivity, etc. In order to evaluate the cell performance arising from this intensive R&D, numerous physical, electrochemical and chemical techniques are employed, which are mostly carried out ex situ, particularly on cell characterizations. However, this approach is unable to provide in-depth insights into the changes within the cell during operation. Therefore, in situ diagnostic tools have been developed to acquire information relating to the design, operating parameters and cell materials during VRFB operation. This paper reviews in situ diagnostic tools used to realize an in-depth insight into the VRFBs. A systematic review of the previous research in the field is presented with the advantages and limitations of each technique being discussed, along with the recommendations to guide researchers to identify the most appropriate technique for specific investigations.

In-situ encapsulation engineering boosts electrochemical performance of highly graphitized N-doped porous carbon-based copper-cobalt selenides for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Zhang ◽  
Xuemin Wang ◽  
Zhengzheng Li ◽  
Cui Zhang ◽  
Shuangxi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Porous Carbon ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Energy Storage Applications ◽  
Metal Selenides

Transition-metal selenides are capturing eminence as promising electrode materials for energy storage applications owing to their low electronegativity and environment-friendly compared with metal sulfides/oxides. Herein, a CuCoSe@NC nanocomposite with copper-cobalt...

scholarly journals Reversible Energy Storage in Layered Copper-Based Coordination Polymers: Unveiling the Influence of the Ligand's Functional Group on Their Electrochemical Properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Amores ◽  
Keisuke Wada ◽  
Ken Sakaushi ◽  
Hiroshi Nishihara
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Coordination Polymers ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Open Structures ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Multielectron Transfer ◽  
Structure Properties

Coordination polymers represent a suitable model to study redox mechanisms in materials where both metal cation and ligand undergo electrochemical reactions and are capable to proceed through reversible multielectron-transfer processes with insertion of cation and anion into their open structures. Designing new coordination polymers for electrochemical energy storage with improved performance relays also on the understanding of their structure-properties relationship. Here, we present a family of copper-based coordination polymer with hexafunctionalized benzene ligands forming a kagome-type layered structure, where the in uence of the functional groups in their structure and electrochemical properties is investigated. Their chemical and structural properties have been explored by means of PXRD, and FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, followed by investigation of their electrochemical performance in Li half-cells by CV and galvanostatic cycling techniques. Ex-situ PXRD, Raman, XPS and ToF-SIMS measurements of cycled electrodes have been carried out providing insights into the redox mechanism of these copper-based coordination polymers as positive electrode materials.<br>

scholarly journals Tetrathiafulvalene: A Gate to the Mechanochemical Mechanisms of Electron Transfer Reactions

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Richard Chen ◽  
Mehmet Kerem Gokus ◽  
Silvina Pagola
Keyword(s):  
Mechanochemical Synthesis ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Mechanochemical Reaction ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Diffusion Controlled ◽  
Mechanochemical Reactions

This report describes aspects of our previous studies of the mechanochemical synthesis of charge transfer complexes of the electron donor tetrathiafulvalene, which are relevant to the use of laboratory X-ray powder diffraction for ex situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions toward investigating their mechanisms. In particular, the reaction of tetrathiafulvalene and chloranil was studied under neat mechanochemical conditions and liquid-assisted grinding with diethyl ether (1 μL/mg). The product in both cases is the green tetrathiafulvalene chloranil polymorph and the mechanism of the redox reaction is presumably the same. However, while the kinetic profile of the neat mechanochemical synthesis was fitted with a second-order rate law, that of the overall faster liquid-assisted grinding reaction was fitted with the Ginstling-Brounshtein 3D diffusion-controlled model. Hence, the diffusional processes and mass transfer bringing the reactants together and separating them from products must be different. Diffraction measurements sensitive to crystalline phases and amorphous material, combined with in situ monitoring by spectroscopic techniques, will ultimately afford a better understanding of mechanochemical reaction mechanisms, a hot topic in mechanochemistry.

Applications of Synchrotron Surface X-Ray Scattering Studies of Electrochemical Interfaces

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoydoo You ◽  
Zoltán Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Science ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Significant Intensity ◽  
Electrochemical Interfaces

Aqueous-solution/solid interfaces are ubiquitous in modern manufacturing environments as well as in our living environment, and studies of such interfaces are an active area of science and engineering research. An important area is the study of liquid/solid interfaces under active electrochemical control, which has many immediate technological implications, for example, corrosion/passivation of metals and energy storage in batteries and ultracapacitors. The central phenomenon of electrochemistry is the charge transfer at the interface, and the region of interest is usually wider than a single atomic layer, ranging from a monolayer to thousands of angstroms, extending into both phases.Despite the technological and environmental importance of liquid/solid interfaces, the atomic level understanding of such interfaces had been very much hampered by the absence of nondestructive, in situ experimental techniques. The situation has changed somewhat in recent decades with the development of the largely ex situ ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science, modern spectroscopic techniques, and modern surface microscopy.However in situ experiments of electrochemical interfaces are difficult, stemming from the special nature of these interfaces. These are so-called buried interfaces in which the solid electrode surface is covered by a relatively thick liquid layer. For this reason, the probe we use in the structural investigation must satisfy simultaneously two conditions: (1) the technique must be surface/interface sensitive, and (2) absorption of the probe in the liquid phase must be sufficiently small for penetration to and from the interface of interest without significant intensity loss.

Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites as Precursors of Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Devices: Templating Effect of Clays

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1741-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Fernández-Saavedra ◽  
Margarita Darder ◽  
Almudena Gómez-Avilés ◽  
Pilar Aranda ◽  
Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Thermal Transformation ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Electrochemical Devices ◽  
Analytical Tools

The present work introduces a comparative study on the use of polymer nanocomposites containing clay minerals of different structure, such as montmorillonite and sepiolite as host solids for the templating synthesis of carbon-like materials from different organic precursors. Carbon-clay nanocomposites were obtained by polymerization of either acrylonitrile or sucrose previously inserted in the pores of the clay minerals, followed by their further thermal transformation in carbon-like compounds. Acid treatment of the resulting carbon-clay nanocomposites removes the inorganic templates giving carbon-like materials with different textural features. Polymer-clay, carbon-clay and carbon-like materials have been characterized by applying spectroscopic techniques as FTIR and in situ EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and other structural, textural and analytical tools (chemical analysis, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM-EDX, N2 adsorption isotherms,...). Electrochemical properties of these carbon-clay nanocomposites, as well as their templated carbonaceous materials and their use as electrode materials of different electrochemical devices such as rechargeable Li-batteries, supercapacitors and electrochemical sensors, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Off-Stoichiometric Reactions at the Cell–Substrate Biomolecular Interface of Biomaterials: In Situ and Ex Situ Monitoring of Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Bone Tissue Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Pezzotti ◽  
Tetsuya Adachi ◽  
Francesco Boschetto ◽  
Wenliang Zhu ◽  
Matteo Zanocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Material Interface ◽  
Chemical Equations ◽  
Biomedical Titanium Alloy

The availability of osteoinductive biomaterials has encouraged new therapies in bone regeneration and has potentially triggered paradigmatic shifts in the development of new implants in orthopedics and dentistry. Among several available synthetic biomaterials, bioceramics have gained attention for their ability to induce mesenchymal cell differentiation and successive bone formation when implanted in the human body. However, there is currently a lack of understanding regarding the fundamental biochemical mechanisms by which these materials can induce bone formation. Phenomenological studies of retrievals have clarified the final effect of bone formation, but have left the chemical interactions at the cell–material interface uncharted. Accordingly, the knowledge of the intrinsic material properties relevant for osteoblastogenesis and osteoinduction remains incomplete. Here, we systematically monitored in vitro the chemistry of mesenchymal cell metabolism and the ionic exchanges during osteoblastogenesis on selected substrates through conventional biological assays as well as via in situ and ex situ spectroscopic techniques. Accordingly, the chemical behavior of different bioceramic substrates during their interactions with mesenchymal cells could be unfolded and compared with that of biomedical titanium alloy. Our goal was to clarify the cascade of chemical equations behind the biological processes that govern osteoblastogenic effects on different biomaterial substrates.

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