scholarly journals Selection of a model system to determine the effects of energy production by-products on the immune system, July 1--December 31, 1975

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Smith ◽  
R Gross
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Model System ◽  
By Products ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Somatically mutated forms of a major anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibody variable region with drastically reduced affinity for p-azophenylarsonate. By-products of an antigen-driven immune response?

1987 ◽  
Vol 166 (5) ◽  
pp. 1456-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Manser ◽  
B Parhami-Seren ◽  
MN Margolies ◽  
ML Gefter
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
V Region ◽  
By Products ◽  
Selection Of

The pivotal role played by antigen in the clonal selection of B cells for initial participation in an immune response is well established. Antigen selective mechanisms ensure that antigen-binding antibodies are produced during all stages of the immune response. However, antibodies that lack specificity for the immunogen might also be produced during the course of an antigen-driven immune response . It has been suggested that, through idiotype-antiidiotype network interactions within the immune system, production of antibodies that lack specificity for the immunogen but that share idiotopes with antigen-binding antibodies could result (1). In addition, data obtained by a number of investigators suggest that somatic mutation of antibody V region genes occurs at a rate of 10(-3)/basepair/cell division in B cells participating in an immune response (2, 3). One outcome of such V region structural alteration could be antibodies that lack, or have drastically reduced affinity for the immunogen . We sought to identify and characterize some of the antibody by-products of the antigen-driven immune response that are expected to be created by the mechanisms described above.

Elaboration and Characterization of the Properties of Refractory Cr Base Alloys

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Royer ◽  
Stéphane Mathieu ◽  
Christophe Liebaut ◽  
Pierre Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Molten Glass ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Refractory Alloys ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Selection Of

For energy production and also for the glass industry, finding new refractory alloys which could permit to increase the process temperatures to 1200°C or more is a permanent challenge. Chromium base alloys can be good candidates, considering the melting point of Cr itself, and also its low corrosion rate in molten glass. Two families of alloys have been studied for this purpose, Cr-Mo-W and Cr-Ta-X alloys (X= Mo, Si..). A finer selection of compositions has been done, to optimize their chemical and mechanical properties. Kinetics of HT oxidation by air, of corrosion by molten glass and also creep properties of several alloys have been measured up to 1250°C. The results obtained with the best alloys (Cr-Ta base) give positive indications as regards the possibility of their industrial use.

scholarly journals Screening of Neutrophil Activating Factors from a Metagenome Library of Sponge-Associated Bacteria

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Okamura ◽  
Hirokazu Takahashi ◽  
Atsuyuki Shiida ◽  
Yuto Hirata ◽  
Haruko Takeyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Metagenome Library ◽  
Peptide Synthetase ◽  
Sponge Associated Bacteria ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Chemotactic Factors ◽  
By Products

Marine sponge-associated bacteria are known as bio-active compound produce. We have constructed metagenome libraries of the bacteria and developed a metagenomic screening approach. Activity-based screening successfully identified novel genes and novel enzymes; however, the efficiency was only in 1 out of 104 clones. Therefore, in this study, we thought that bioinformatics could help to reduce screening efforts, and combined activity-based screening with database search. Neutrophils play an important role for the immune system to recognize excreted bacterial by-products as chemotactic factors and are recruited to infection sites to kill pathogens via phagocytosis. These excreted by-products are considered critical triggers that engage the immune system to mount a defense against infection, and identifying these factors may guide developments in medicine and diagnostics. We focused on genes encoding amino acid ligase and peptide synthetase and selected from an in-house sponge metagenome database. Cell-free culture medium of each was used in a neutrophil chemiluminescence assay in luminol reaction. The clone showing maximum activity had a genomic sequence expected to produce a molecule like a phospho-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide by the metagenome fragment analysis.

scholarly journals The antioxidative ability of food industry by-products in a powder model system and their utilization

2001 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 485-491
Author(s):  
Kaoru SUGIYAMA ◽  
Nobuo TSUTSUI ◽  
Kazuko TOMIOKA
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Model System ◽  
By Products ◽  
Antioxidative Ability

scholarly journals The quantum mitochondrion and optimal health

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair V.W. Nunn ◽  
Geoffrey W. Guy ◽  
Jimmy D. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Emergent Behaviour ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Will Self ◽  
Selection Of

A sufficiently complex set of molecules, if subject to perturbation, will self-organize and show emergent behaviour. If such a system can take on information it will become subject to natural selection. This could explain how self-replicating molecules evolved into life and how intelligence arose. A pivotal step in this evolutionary process was of course the emergence of the eukaryote and the advent of the mitochondrion, which both enhanced energy production per cell and increased the ability to process, store and utilize information. Recent research suggest that from its inception life embraced quantum effects such as ‘tunnelling’ and ‘coherence’ while competition and stressful conditions provided a constant driver for natural selection. We believe that the biphasic adaptive response to stress described by hormesis–a process that captures information to enable adaptability, is central to this whole process. Critically, hormesis could improve mitochondrial quantum efficiency, improving the ATP/ROS ratio, whereas inflammation, which is tightly associated with the aging process, might do the opposite. This all suggests that to achieve optimal health and healthy aging, one has to sufficiently stress the system to ensure peak mitochondrial function, which itself could reflect selection of optimum efficiency at the quantum level.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Enzyme Additives on the Nutritional Use of Feeds with a High Content of Plant Ingredients for Mugil cephalus

Fishes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca P. Martínez ◽  
Laura Bermúdez ◽  
María J. Aznar ◽  
Francisco J. Moyano
Keyword(s):  
Mugil Cephalus ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
In Vivo Assays ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
By Products ◽  
Phytic Phosphorus ◽  
Selection Of

The Mugilidae are a group of fish with a great interest for aquaculture due to their omnivorous profile, rapid growth, and resistance to environmental variations. The selection of feed ingredients for these species is currently focused on an extensive use of plant by-products, with this being limited by their content in anti-nutritive factors (mainly phytate and non-starch polysaccharides; NSPs). Nevertheless, specific enzymes can be used to counteract some of those negative effects. In the present study, the effect of pretreating two high-plant feeds with a mixture of enzymes (glucanases + phytase) on the digestive use of protein and phosphorus by juvenile mullets (Mugil cephalus) was assessed using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The enzymatic treatment significantly modified the potential bioavailability of some nutrients, such as a reduction of sugars, pentoses, and phytic phosphorus. Also, it increased the digestibility of protein in one of the feeds but reduced that of phosphorus in both of them. The potential usefulness of enzyme treatment and the information provided by the two types of assays are discussed.

Bioaerosols in industrial environments: a reviewThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Biological Air Treatment.

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1873-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Gilbert ◽  
Caroline Duchaine
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Airborne Microorganisms ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Sample Characterization ◽  
Air Sample ◽  
Agricultural Industries ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
By Products ◽  
Selection Of

Air quality in workplaces is a main concern for industrial hygienists and occupational health specialists. Aerosolization of microorganisms or their by-products from contaminated material can significantly decrease the air quality and expose the workers’ health to potentially harmful effects. To identify the risks and elaborate safe exposure thresholds, the microbiology of air samples from industrial workplaces must be characterized, which means the airborne microorganisms must be identified and quantified. This review summarizes, for nonbiologist specialists, the principal sampling and analysis techniques for air sample characterization regarding microbiological contamination. A survey of the literature regarding levels of airborne bacteria, fungi, and viruses in agricultural industries, waste management plants, peat and wood processing facilities, and other industries is also provided. This review shows that very complex bioaerosol sources are present in industrial settings, and variable and hardly predictable biodiversity is expected in such environments.

scholarly journals The Henry reaction: spectroscopic studies of nitrile and hydroxylamine by-products formed during synthesis of psychoactive phenylalkylamines

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Guy ◽  
Sally Freeman ◽  
John Alder ◽  
Simon Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Aromatic Aldehyde ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Reduction Step ◽  
Henry Reaction ◽  
Impurity Profile ◽  
Nitroaldol Reaction ◽  
By Products ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractA clandestine two-step route to psychoactive racemic phenylalkylamines utilises the Henry reaction. In the first step an aromatic aldehyde reacts with a nitroalkane to give the nitrostyrene intermediate. In the second step the nitrostyrene is reduced to the phenylalkylamine. An impurity profile of both steps was evaluated through the synthesis and analysis of common street derivatives. The formation of nitrile impurities in the nitroaldol reaction and hydroxylamine impurities in the reduction step were shown by NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. A selection of reducing agents has been used to give the phenylalkylamines, together with variable quantities of the partially reduced hydroxylamine product. GC-MS analysis of the hydroxylamines showed heat-induced disproportionation which led to the detection of the corresponding oximes.

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