An Update on Potential Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Actions of Snake Venom L-amino Acid Oxidases (LAAOs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 2520-2530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro V. Paloschi ◽  
Adriana S. Pontes ◽  
Andreimar M. Soares ◽  
Juliana P. Zuliani
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Multifunctional Enzymes ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: LAAOs (EC 1.4.3.2) are found in concentrations that vary according to each species of snakes; Viperidae, Crotalidae and Elapidae contain 1-9% of this enzyme in their venoms. Methods: This review focuses on an update on molecular mechanisms, platelet activities, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, induction of apoptosis and inflammatory potential underlying the actions of SVLAAOs. Results: Snake venom LAAOs (SV-LAAOs) have become an interesting subject for pharmacological, structural and molecular studies. Conclusion: Although the mechanisms of action of these enzymes are not well understood they are a subject of a variety of studies, because LAAOs are multifunctional enzymes exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological effects, including the inhibition or induction of platelet aggregation, hemolysis and hemorrhage, in addition to the stimulation of apoptosis, the activation of leukocytes and the formation of edema. Moreover, SV-LAAOs play an important role in bactericidal, cytotoxic, anti-parasitic, anti-tumor, and antiviral activities.

scholarly journals Snake Venom L-Amino Acid Oxidases: Trends in Pharmacology and Biochemistry

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando M. Izidoro ◽  
Juliana C. Sobrinho ◽  
Mirian M. Mendes ◽  
Tássia R. Costa ◽  
Amy N. Grabner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis

L-amino acid oxidases are enzymes found in several organisms, including venoms of snakes, where they contribute to the toxicity of ophidian envenomation. Their toxicity is primarily due to enzymatic activity, but other mechanisms have been proposed recently which require further investigation. L-amino acid oxidases exert biological and pharmacological effects, including actions on platelet aggregation and the induction of apoptosis, hemorrhage, and cytotoxicity. These proteins present a high biotechnological potential for the development of antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiprotozoan agents. This review provides an overview of the biochemical properties and pharmacological effects of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases, their structure/activity relationship, and supposed mechanisms of action described so far.

scholarly journals Antiviral properties of chalcones and their synthetic derivatives: a mini review

Pharmacia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
Radoslav Marinov ◽  
Nadezhda Markova ◽  
Stefka Krumova ◽  
Kamelia Yotovska ◽  
Maya M. Zaharieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
General Information ◽  
Structural Requirements ◽  
Aromatic Ketones ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis ◽  
Pharmacological Potential ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives

Chalcones (natural or synthetic derivatives) are aromatic ketones possessing a central backbone that form a core for variety important compounds with different substitutions. Recent scientific advances show that chalcones exhibit different bio-medical activities, including antiviral, which is related to the variety substitutions. This review provides general information on the origin, sources, virucidal and direct antiviral properties of chalcones in vitro, as well as a brief overview of the possible application and molecular modes of action of these compounds. The antiviral effect of chalcones probably results from the disruption of the different stage of viral replication cycle, inhibition of viral or cell enzymes, induction of apoptosis and others. Structural requirements for antiviral activities vary according to the mechanisms of action. Based on the published information, it could be considered that synthetic chalcones are very perspective antiviral candidates and deserve further studies for elucidating of their pharmacological potential.

scholarly journals New Insights into Antibacterial Compounds: From Synthesis and Discovery to Molecular Mechanisms of Action

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Jorge H. Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Exciting Field ◽  
Antibacterial Compounds ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Global Threat

The worldwide emergence of microbial resistance to available antibiotics presents a global threat to public health and health systems. This special issue aimed to gather papers describing novel antibiotics, originating form chemical synthesis, repurposing of existent drugs, or from natural sources like plant extracts, herbs and spices. A total of 13 papers were published, covering a wide range of topic, including antimicrobial resistance surveillance studies; synthesis of novel molecules with antimicrobial activities; modification or repurposing of already existing molecules, plant-derived active extracts, and molecules; the effects of antimicrobial therapy on microbiota; and the investigation of novel formulations for human and veterinary uses. After decades of antibiotics discovery decline, antibiotics discovery is boosting. Recent developments of post genomics approaches and bioinformatics tools will most certainly turn the tide in the discovery and development of antimicrobials in this exciting field.

scholarly journals Portulaca oleraceaL.: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Xi Zhou ◽  
Hai-Liang Xin ◽  
Khalid Rahman ◽  
Su-Juan Wang ◽  
Cheng Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Anticancer Activities

Portulaca oleraceaL., belonging to the Portulacaceae family, is commonly known as purslane in English and Ma-Chi-Xian in Chinese. It is a warm-climate, herbaceous succulent annual plant with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is eaten extensively as a potherb and added in soups and salads around the Mediterranean and tropical Asian countries and has been used as a folk medicine in many countries. Diverse compounds have been isolated fromPortulaca oleracea, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, fatty acids, terpenoids, sterols, proteins vitamins and minerals.Portulaca oleraceapossesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, and anticancer activities. However, few molecular mechanisms of action are known. This review provides a summary of phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of this plant.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS). A New Threat for Young Drug Users with Forensic-Toxicological Implications

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 440
Author(s):  
Arianna Giorgetti ◽  
Jennifer Pascali ◽  
Paolo Fais ◽  
Guido Pelletti ◽  
Andrea Gabbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Novel Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Structural Class ◽  
Synthetic Opioids ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Wide Range

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) represent a severe health risk for drug users. Even though the phenomenon has been growing since the early 2000s, the mechanisms of action of NPS at the receptors and beyond them are still scarcely understood. The aim of the present study was to provide a systematic review of the updated knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of synthetic opioids, cannabinoids, cathinones, and stimulants. The study was conducted on the PubMed database. Study eligibility criteria included relevance to the topic, English language, and time of publication (2010–2020). A combined Mesh and free-text protocols search was performed. Study selection was performed on the title/abstract and, in doubtful cases, on the full texts of papers. Of the 580 records identified through PubMed searching and reference checking, 307 were excluded by title/abstract and 78 additional papers were excluded after full-text reading, leaving a total of 155 included papers. Molecular mechanisms of synthetic opioids, synthetic cannabinoids, stimulants, psychedelics, and hallucinogens were reviewed and mostly involved both a receptor-mediated and non-receptor mediated cellular modulation with multiple neurotransmitters interactions. The molecular mechanisms underlying the action of NPS are more complex than expected, with a wide range of overlap among activated receptors and neurotransmitter systems. The peculiar action profile of single compounds does not necessarily reflect that of the structural class to which they belong, accounting for possible unexpected toxic reactions.

Regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion in vitro : the action of secretagogues

1981 ◽  
Vol 296 (1080) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Exocrine Secretion ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Enzyme Secretion ◽  
Pancreatic Acinar Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pancreatic Exocrine ◽  
Final Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

Pancreatic acinar cells possess two functionally distinct mechanisms by which secretagogues can increase enzyme secretion. One mechanism is mediated by mobilization of cellular calcium and can be activated by any one of four different classes of receptors. The other mechanism is mediated by cyclic AMP and can be activated by either of two different classes of receptors. In addition to stimulating enzyme secretion, a secretagogue can cause potentiation of secretion, desensitization to the subsequent stimulation caused by the same or other secretagogues as well as residual stimulation of enzyme secretion. Although each class of secretagogue receptors can cause the same final effect, stimulation of enzyme secretion, the existence of multiple classes of receptors and the different mechanisms of action endow the acinar cell with a wide range of patterns of response depending on which of the several classes of receptors are activated.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effects of Plant-Derived Essential Oils and Their Components: An Updated Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Lei Yao
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chemical Complexity ◽  
Antiviral Efficacy ◽  
Disease Therapy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Resistant Infection ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Alternative Sources

The presence of resistance to available antivirals calls for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Plant-derived essential oils may serve as alternative sources of virus-induced disease therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated essential oils to be excellent candidates to treat antiviral-resistant infection associated with their chemical complexity which confers broad-spectrum mechanisms of action and non-specific antiviral properties. However, almost no comprehensive reviews are updated to generalize knowledge in this regard and disclose the interplay between the components and their antiviral activities. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the antiviral efficacy of essential oils from a wide range of plant species and their characteristic components, as well as their overall mechanisms of action, focusing on the last decade. The roles of individual components relative to the overall antiviral efficacy of essential oils, together with the antiviral activity of essential oils in comparison with commercial drugs are also discussed. Lastly, the inadequacies in current research and future research are put forward. This review will provide references in the design of new drug prototypes and improve our understanding of the proper applications of essential oils in the future.

scholarly journals Potentsial'nye vozmozhnosti metformina v profilaktike i lechenii onkologicheskikh zabolevaniy u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
I I Dedov ◽  
S A Butrova ◽  
M A Berkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Amp Kinase ◽  
Anticancer Effect ◽  
Breast And Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Increase Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stimulation Of

Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of several types of cancer, and also with increased cancer mortality. Chronic hyperinsulinemia plays the main pathogenetic role in this association, which is mediated by a number of molecular mechanisms, described in this issue. Drugs that increase insulin sensitivity and reduce hyperinsulinemia (metformin in the first place) display anticancer effect. Aside from the anticancer effect, mediated by reduction of insulin resistance, metformin may directly suppress cancer cells growth and proliferation via stimulation of AMP kinase (AMPK). Antiproliferative action of metformin in breast and ovarian cancer is confirmed in a number of experimental and clinical trials. Its found out that therapeutic effect of metformin in treatment of breast cancer depends on the presence/absence of some molecular features of the tumor (for example, increased expression of HER2 and/or activation of p70S6K1). In order to specify mechanisms of action and effects of metformin in oncological practice several trials are being conducted or planned, most of all, in all subtypes of breast cancer. Confirmation of the anticancer effectiveness of metformin will promote an expansion of its use in clinical practice and in clinical oncology, particularly.

scholarly journals Antiviral Properties of Flavonoids and Delivery Strategies

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolino Ninfali ◽  
Antonella Antonelli ◽  
Mauro Magnani ◽  
Emanuele Salvatore Scarpa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Delivery Strategies

This review summarizes the latest advancements in phytochemicals as functional antiviral agents. We focused on flavonoids, like apigenin, vitexin, quercetin, rutin and naringenin, which have shown a wide range of biological effects including antiviral activities. The molecular mechanisms of their antiviral effects mainly consist in the inhibition of viral neuraminidase, proteases and DNA/RNA polymerases, as well as in the modification of various viral proteins. Mixtures of different flavonoids or combination of flavonoids with antiviral synthetic drugs provide an enhancement of their antiviral effects. Recent strategies in drug delivery significantly contribute to overcoming the low bioavailability of flavonoids. Frequent viral infections worldwide have led to the need for new effective antiviral agents, which can be identified among the various phytochemicals. In this light, screening the antiviral activities of a cocktail of flavonoids would be advantageous in order to prevent viral infections and improve current antiviral therapies.

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