Carbon Nano Tubes: Novel drug delivery system in amelioration of Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanti Mishra ◽  
Bhumika Kumar ◽  
Mukesh Pandey ◽  
Faheem Hyder Pottoo ◽  
Faizana Fayaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Biological Barriers ◽  
The Brain

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder manifested with symptoms like loss of memory (known as dementia), personality changes, loss of cognition, impaired movement, confusion, deteriorated planning and thought process. Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease is the result of deposition of protein beta-amyloid that forms plaques and another protein called tau, forming tangles that prevent proper functioning of nerve cells in the brain. Methods: The goal of the review was to comprehensively study the utilization of nanotechnology and the role that carbon nanotubes can play as a drug delivery system for amelioration of Alzheimer’s disease. Results: Nanotechnology is one of the most researched domains of modern science. It contributes significantly to therapeutics by facilitating drug therapy to reach the target sites, which are otherwise difficult to reach with conventional drug delivery systems. Carbon nanotubes are the allotropes of carbon in which several carbon atoms bind with each other to form a cylindrical or a tube-like structure. The carbon nanotubes possess several unique qualities, which confers them with a high potential of being utilized as an efficient drug delivery system. They offer high drug loading, can readily cross the toughest biological barriers like BBB. Carbon nanotubes also facilitate the passage of drugs to the brain via the olfactory route, which further helps in restoring normal autophagy, thus preventing the elimination of autophagic chemicals. They can carry a vast range of cargos, including drugs, antigens, genetic materials, and biological macromolecules. Conclusion: Carbon nanotubes are highly promising drug delivery system for anti-Alzheimer’s drugs. They have potential of overcoming the various biological barriers like BBB. However, more extensive research is required so as to set up a firm base for development of advanced commercial products based on carbon nanotubes for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Nanoparticlized System: Promising Approach for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease through Intranasal Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1331-1344
Author(s):  
Shiv Bahadur ◽  
Nidhi Sachan ◽  
Ranjit K. Harwansh ◽  
Rohitas Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Nasal Drug Delivery ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain problem and responsible for causing dementia in aged people. AD has become most common neurological disease in the elderly population worldwide and its treatment remains still challengeable. Therefore, there is a need of an efficient drug delivery system which can deliver the drug to the target site. Nasal drug delivery has been used since prehistoric times for the treatment of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). For delivering drug to the brain, blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major rate limiting factor for the drugs. The desired drug concentration could not be achieved through the conventional drug delivery system. Thus, nanocarrier based drug delivery systems are promising for delivering drug to brain. Nasal route is a most convenient for targeting drug to the brain. Several factors and mechanisms need to be considered for an effective delivery of drug to the brain particularly AD. Various nanoparticlized systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, etc. have been recognized as an effective drug delivery system for the management of AD. These nanocarriers have been proven with improved permeability as well as bioavailability of the anti-Alzheimer’s drugs. Some novel drug delivery systems of anti-Alzheimer drugs are under investigation of different phase of clinical trials. Present article highlights on the nanotechnology based intranasal drug delivery system for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, consequences of AD, transportation mechanism, clinical updates and recent patents on nose to brain delivery for AD have been discussed.

Preparation and Properties of Thrombus-Targeted Urokinase/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Chitosan (CS)-RGD Drug Delivery System

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1711-1725
Author(s):  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Shang Luo ◽  
Lin-Kun Hao ◽  
Yun-Ying Jiang ◽  
Ying Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Thrombolytic Drug ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

In order to improve the therapeutic effect, prolong the action time and reduce the side effects of the first generation thrombolytic drug urokinase (UK), a novel UK/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-chitosan (CS)-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp) (RGD) drug delivery system was synthesized by chemical bonding/non covalent bond modification/ultrasonic dispersion. The results showed that the diameter of the UK/MWCNTs-CS-RGD drug delivery system was about 30–40 nm, there was a layer of UK was attached to the surface of the tube wall, and the distribution was relatively uniform. The average encapsulation efficiency was 83.10%, and the average drug loading was 12.81%. Interestingly, it also had a certain sustained-release effect, and its release law was best fitted by first-order kinetic equation. Moreover, the accelerated and long-term stability test results show that it had good stability. Compared with free UK, UK/MWCNTs-CS-RGD had thrombolytic effect in vitro. In addition, MTT experiment showed that the prepared MWCNTs-CS-RGD nanomaterials had good biocompatibility. A rabbit model of carotid artery thrombosis was used to conduct targeted thrombolysis experiments in vivo. Compared with free UK, UK/MWCNTs-CS-RGD could be enriched in the thrombosis site to achieve thrombus targeting. UK/MWCNTs-CS-RGD drug delivery system was expected to become an effective thrombolytic drug for targeted therapy of thrombosis.

scholarly journals Honokiol Nanoscale Drug Delivery System Ameliorates the Cognitive Deficits in Tgcrnd8 Mice of Alzheimer’s Disease via Inhibiting Neuropathology and Modulating Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Qu ◽  
Qiao-Ping Li ◽  
Zi-Ren Su ◽  
Siu-Po Ip ◽  
Qiu-Ju Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Tau Hyperphosphorylation ◽  
Gsk 3Β ◽  
Tgcrnd8 Mice

Abstract Background Honokiol (HO) exerts neuroprotective effects in several animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the poor dissolution hampers its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. A novel honokiol nanoscale drug delivery system (Nano-HO) with smaller size and excellent stability was developed in this study to improve the solubility and bioavailability of HO. Methods Male TgCRND8 mice were administered with Nano-HO or HO at the same dosage (20 mg/kg) by oral gavage daily for 17 consecutive weeks, followed by assessment of the spatial learning and memory functions with the Morris Water Maze test (MWMT). Results Nano-HO and HO could significantly improve cognitive deficits and inhibit neuroinflammation via suppressing the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1β in the brain, preventing the activation of microglia (IBA-1) and astrocyte (GFAP), and reducing β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the cortex and hippocampus of TgCRND8 mice. In addition, Nano-HO and HO could modulate amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and phosphorylation via suppressing β-secretase including β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) and phosphorylated APP (Thr 668), inhibiting γ-secretase including presenilin-1 (PS-1) and anterior pharynx-defective-1 (APH-1), as well as enhancing Aβ-degrading enzymes such as insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP). Moreover, Nano-HO remarkably inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation via decreasing the levels of p-tau (Thr 205) and p-tau (Ser 404), as well as regulating tau-related apoptosis proteins including caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Furthermore, Nano-HO and HO markedly attenuated the ratios of p-JNK/JNK and p-35/CDK5, while enhancing the ratio of p-GSK-3β (Ser9)/GSK-3β. On the other hand, Nano-HO and HO prevented the alterations on the composition of gut microbiota in TgCRND8 mice. Conclusions Nano-HO was more effective than regular HO in improving cognitive impairments in TgCRND8 mice via inhibiting Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation through suppressing the activation of JNK/CDK5/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Nano-HO was also more potently modulate the gut microbiota community to protect its stability as compared with that of regular HO. Our results amply indicated that HO with nano-sized drug delivery system has good potential for further development into therapeutic agent for AD treatment.

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