para-Aminobenzoic Acid-A Substrate of Immense Significance

PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) is an important substrate for the synthesis of various biological scaffolds. Its pharmacological significance is apparent form the drugs like folic acid and benzocaine, which are used for certain biological disorders. Although, it is not a vitamin but still it is referred as a member of vitamin B. The deficiency of PABA leads to several disorders like erratic white areas of skin, grey hair, fatigue, depression and irritability. Besides its medicinal importance, PABA has been used in the synthesis of various biologically active heterocyclic nuclei like benzimidazoles, azitidinones, thiazolidinones, pyrazoline, etc. This review will describe the applications of PABA in the synthesis of these biologically active nuclei and hence emphasizing its importance as a versatile substrate.

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NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): II. EFFECTS OF ELEVEN VITAMINS ON GROWTH

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z54-032 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 342-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

H. L. House

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Calcium Pantothenate ◽

Aminobenzoic Acid ◽

Defined Media ◽

Nutritional Studies

When the parasitic dipteron Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) was reared aseptically on chemically defined media; thiamine, riboflavin, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, choline chloride, and biotin were essential for larval growth and development, but not vitamin B12, pyridoxine, folic acid, para-aminobenzoic acid, or inositol. Vitamin B12 had a slight beneficial effect on pupation, whereas the omission of para-aminobenzoic acid had a slight stimulatory effect on growth and development. The responses of larvae to deficiencies of different vitamins reached a decisive point at different stages of larval development.

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Innovative approaches to the correction of chronotrope status of pregnant and lactating women

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2016.114.37 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 37-40

Author(s):

S.I. Zhuk ◽

◽

K.K. Bondarenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Active Form ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

The Impact ◽

High Bioavailability ◽

Key Words Mthfr

Most recent studies show the impact of violations in the metabolism of folate and metin period in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects (NTD) of the fetus. Metafolin has a number of advantages, which primarily includes direct intake of substances in biologically active form and the optimum effect, even in the case when the patient homozygote and/or heterozygote genotype 677С T polymorphism in MTHFR. With the aim of prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions related to folate deficiency during pregnancy, it is advisable to apply vitamin-mineral complexes, containing metafolin - active form of folate with high bioavailability. Key words: MTHFR, metafolin, folic acid, pregnancy.

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Retention, stability, iron bioavailability and sensory evaluation of extruded rice fortified with iron, folic acid and vitamin B 12

Maternal and Child Nutrition ◽

10.1111/mcn.12932 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (S3) ◽

Author(s):

Yvette Wilda Jyrwa ◽

Ravindranadh Palika ◽

Swetha Boddula ◽

Naveen Kumar Boiroju ◽

Radhika Madhari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Sensory Evaluation ◽

Iron Bioavailability ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Vitamin B 12 ◽

Iron Folic Acid

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EXCRETION OF 4(5)-AMINO-5(4)-IMIDAZOLECARBOXAMIDE AND FORMIMINO-L-GLUTAMIC ACID IN FOLIC ACID AND VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENT RATS

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o65-152 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 1367-1374 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. L. McGeer ◽

N. P. Sen ◽

D. A. Grant

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Urocanic Acid ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Intraperitoneal Dose ◽

Group A ◽

Acid Load ◽

Deficient Group

The excretion of 4(5)-amino-5(4)-imidazolecarboxamide (AIC) in the urines of normal rats, rats raised on a folic acid deficient diet, and rats raised on a vitamin B12 deficient diet was measured. The AIC excretion was elevated 3-fold above normal in the B12 deficient group and 1.5-fold above normal in the folic acid deficient group.No evidence could be found that the raised AIC excretion was associated with a block in the conversion of AIC to purines. The recovery of radioactive AIC in the urine after an intraperitoneal dose of 2 μmoles AIC per kg was not increased over normal in any of the deficient groups, and was significantly less than normal in the B12-deficient group. Most of the urinary radioactivity in all groups was in allantoin, uric acid, and purines.When a load of 220 μmoles of AIC per kg was administered there was no difference between the vitamin B12 deficient and the normal groups in AIC recovery in the urine. When a load of 220 μmoles of urocanic acid per kg was administered, however, the B12-deficient group had an 18-fold increase over normal in Figlu excretion, and the folic acid deficient group a 17-fold increase. Thus, a substantial block in formimino-L-glutamic acid (Figlu) metabolism, but not in AIC metabolism, existed in the vitamin-deficient groups.Feeding a B12-deficient group a 2% methionine supplement reduced the Figlu excretion after a urocanic acid load to less than half that observed in B12-deficient groups without methionine supplementation, but had no influence on the AIC excretion.

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Vitamin B12 deficiency is the dominant nutritional cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in a folic acid-fortified population

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm.2005.183 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 43 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Ralph Green ◽

Joshua W. Miller

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Folic Acid ◽

Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽

The United States ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Total Vitamin ◽

Folic Acid Fortification ◽

B12 Deficiency

AbstractPrevalence rates for folate deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia have been markedly reduced following the introduction of folic acid fortification in the United States. We report the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in a population of community-dwelling elderly Latinos in the post-folic acid fortification era. We measured homocysteine, total vitamin B

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Nutrient content of liquid milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202990002330x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 37-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

K. John Scott ◽

Dinah R. Bishop ◽

Alicja Zechalko ◽

John D. Edwards-Webb ◽

Patricia A. Jackson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Pantothenic Acid ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Mean Values ◽

Channel Island ◽

Vitamin Content ◽

The Mean ◽

Β Carotene

SummaryA survey was undertaken to update and extend available information on the vitamin content of pasteurized milk as produced at processing dairies in mainland UK and to investigate regional, seasonal and breed effects. The concentration of total retinol in milk from non-Channel Island (NCI) breeds averaged 61·9 βg/100g in summer and 41·2 βg/100g in winter. Concentrations of β-carotene were 31·5 and 10·5 βg/100g in summer and winter respectively. Concentrations of retinol in milk from Channel Island (CI) breeds were similar, but concentrations of β-carotene were on average 3 times higher. The concentration of vitamin D3 in milk from NCI breeds was 0·033 βg/100g in summer and 0·026 βg/100g in winter. There was no marked seasonal variation in the mean concentration of total vitamin C (14·5 βg/ml). Values for the concentration of B vitamins (βg/ml) were: folic acid 0·060, vitamin B12 0·0042, riboflavin 1·78, nicotinic acid 0·71, pantothenic acid 3·60, biotin 0·020, thiamin 0·46 and vitamin B6 0·61. Seasonal variation in the concentration was most marked for folic acid (c.v. 17·4%) and to a lesser extent for vitamin B12 (c.v. 10·3%). The only breed differences in the B vitamin content were for riboflavin and folic acid, the mean values obtained for milk from CI breeds being respectively 20 and 10 % higher than those from NCI breeds.

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1259 Comparison of homocystein, vitamin B 12 and folic acid level between those with and without cerebrovascular accident

Journal of the Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1016/s0022-510x(05)81624-7 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 238 ◽

pp. S421

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Cerebrovascular Accident ◽

Acid Level ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Folic Acid Level ◽

Vitamin B 12

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Folic acid and vitamin B12 status of vervet monkeys used for nutritional research

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/002367793781082386 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 59-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F. S. Venter ◽

H. Cloete ◽

J. V. Seier ◽

M. J. Faber ◽

J. E. Fincham

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Atherogenic Diet ◽

The Other ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Vervet Monkeys ◽

Adult Males ◽

Competitive Protein Binding ◽

Apparently Healthy

Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) folic acid levels, as well as plasma vitamin B12 levels were determined in Vervet monkeys ( Cercopithecus aethiops). All the vervets were apparently healthy and without symptoms or lesions typical of folic acid and/or vitamin B12 deficiencies. Competitive protein binding radioassays were used to determine folate and vitamin B12 values in animals fed 4 different diets. The B12 levels for all the groups ranged between 866 and 5867 pg/ml and showed an inverse relationship with the FA measurements. The lowest mean RBC folic acid content in a group fed an atherogenic diet for 3 years was 12·8 ng/ml. For the other 3 diets, mean RBC folic acid levels were 90·7, 132·3 and 152·8 ng/ml, respectively. A megadose of 25·6 mg of folic acid per day for 99 days was given to 3 adult males. No obvious toxic effects were observed in these animals although mean RBC folic acid levels increased to 1013 ng/ml.

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Effects of ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processing and of subsequent storage on the vitamin content of milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900012966 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 447-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

J. E. Ford ◽

J. W. G. Porter ◽

S. Y. Thompson ◽

Joyce Toothill ◽

J. Edwards-Webb

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Folic Acid ◽

High Temperature ◽

Oxygen Content ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Vitamin Content ◽

Residual Oxygen ◽

Subsequent Storage ◽

Ultra High Temperature

SummaryThe vitamin content of ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processed milk was compared with that of the original raw milk. Three processes were used. In the first, which caused no change in oxygen content, the milk was heated and cooled in a plate-type heat exchanger. In the second, the milk was again heated indirectly and then evaporatively cooled, leaving in the milk about one-third of the initial oxygen content. In the third process the milk was heated by direct steam injection and cooled by evaporation and contained little or no residual oxygen.On processing and during subsequent storage for 90 days there was no loss of vitamin A, carotene, vitamin E, thiamine, riboflavine, pantothenic acid, biotin or nicotinic acid. There was little or no loss of vitamin B6or vitamin B12on processing, but up to 50% of each of these vitamins was lost during 90 days' storage. All the dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and about 20% of the ascorbic acid (AA) was lost on processing. There was no further loss of AA during 90 days’ storage when no residual oxygen was present, but in milks containing more than about 1 ppm oxygen all the AA was lost within 14 days. About 20% of the folic acid was lost on processing; thereafter, as with ascorbic acid, the extent of the loss on storage depended on the residual oxygen content of the milk: in the absence of oxygen the folic acid was stable.

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