Nutrient content of liquid milk

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. John Scott ◽  
Dinah R. Bishop ◽  
Alicja Zechalko ◽  
John D. Edwards-Webb ◽  
Patricia A. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Channel Island ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Β Carotene

SummaryA survey was undertaken to update and extend available information on the vitamin content of pasteurized milk as produced at processing dairies in mainland UK and to investigate regional, seasonal and breed effects. The concentration of total retinol in milk from non-Channel Island (NCI) breeds averaged 61·9 βg/100g in summer and 41·2 βg/100g in winter. Concentrations of β-carotene were 31·5 and 10·5 βg/100g in summer and winter respectively. Concentrations of retinol in milk from Channel Island (CI) breeds were similar, but concentrations of β-carotene were on average 3 times higher. The concentration of vitamin D3 in milk from NCI breeds was 0·033 βg/100g in summer and 0·026 βg/100g in winter. There was no marked seasonal variation in the mean concentration of total vitamin C (14·5 βg/ml). Values for the concentration of B vitamins (βg/ml) were: folic acid 0·060, vitamin B12 0·0042, riboflavin 1·78, nicotinic acid 0·71, pantothenic acid 3·60, biotin 0·020, thiamin 0·46 and vitamin B6 0·61. Seasonal variation in the concentration was most marked for folic acid (c.v. 17·4%) and to a lesser extent for vitamin B12 (c.v. 10·3%). The only breed differences in the B vitamin content were for riboflavin and folic acid, the mean values obtained for milk from CI breeds being respectively 20 and 10 % higher than those from NCI breeds.

scholarly journals Studies on the composition of food

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tolan ◽  
Jean Robertson ◽  
C. R. Orton ◽  
M. J. Head ◽  
A. A. Christie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Time Of Year

1. The nutrient content of battery, deep litter and free range eggs from domestic hens under systems of management typical of those used in the commercial production of eggs was studied from January to March 1968.2. Monthly samples of eighteen eggs, supplied by six centres, were homogenized, freezedried, ground and stored at −15°. Their contents of moisture, nitrogen, amino acids, fats, fatty acids and cholesterol, ash, sodium, potassium, calcium and iron, thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, folic acid, vitamin B12, tocopherols and retinol were determined. The mean values for eggs from each system, each centre and each quarter of the year were calculated.3. For many nutrients, no significant difference between systems was detected; the greatest variations occurred in the content of some vitamins. Free range eggs contained more vitamin B12 than deep litter or battery eggs and more folic acid (Lactobacillus casei assay) than battery eggs. Differences in tocopherol and cholesterol contents were complicated by system-by-centre interactions. There were also small differences in calcium and iron contents.4. Riboflavin, folic acid (Lactobacillus casei) and vitamin B12 were the only nutrients which were observed to vary with the time of year in the eggs from all systems of management. Major differences were found in the vitamin content of eggs from different centres.5. Though the differences in vitamin B12 and folic acid contents which result from the different systems of management are of little significance in an average mixed diet, they would be measurable for some individuals who may depend on eggs as an important source of these nutrients.

735. The B-vitamin content of milk in relation to breed of cow and stage of lactation

1958 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Gregory ◽  
J. E. Ford ◽  
S. K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
B Vitamin

1. Microbiological methods were used to measure biotin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, ‘vitamin B6’ and vitamin B12 in milk from Guernsey, Friesian and Shorthorn cows.2. A study was made of day-to-day variations and breed differences in the B-vitamin content of such milk. Fluctuations in each vitamin were observed from one day to the next in milk from individual cows, these variations being especially marked with biotin and vitamin B12. In addition, the variations in the mean vitamin levels of milk from cows of the same breed were generally greater than any breed difference.3. Samples of milk from ten Friesian and ten Shorthorn cows were taken at intervals throughout one complete lactation and analysed for each of the vitamins mentioned above. The results of this study of lactational trends are presented in detail.

344. A Note on Certain Vitamins of Sow's Colostrum

1946 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Large White ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Β Carotene

1. Eighteen samples of colostrum obtained from Large White sows during parturition were examined for total solids, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B^ riboflavin and vitamin C.2. The mean values and ranges for the total solids (fourteen samples) and fat (fifteen samples) were 23.9% (20.6–27.2%) and 3.4% (1.7–5.8%) respectively.3. The mean vitamin A content of eighteen samples was 247 i.u./100 ml. with a range of 103.462 i.u./lOO ml., or 89 i.u./g. fat with a range of 42–137 i.u./g. fat. No β-.carotene was detected in any of the samples.4. The mean vitamin B1 content of seventeen samples was 145 /µg./100 ml. with a range of 81.260 µg./100 ml.5. The mean riboflavin content of sixteen samples was 45.6 µg./100 ml. with a range of 21–78 µg./100 ml.6. The mean ascorbic acid content of seventeen samples was 23.8 mg./100ml. with a range of 12–36 mg./100 ml.

Effects of ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processing and of subsequent storage on the vitamin content of milk

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Ford ◽  
J. W. G. Porter ◽  
S. Y. Thompson ◽  
Joyce Toothill ◽  
J. Edwards-Webb
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
Residual Oxygen ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Ultra High Temperature

SummaryThe vitamin content of ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processed milk was compared with that of the original raw milk. Three processes were used. In the first, which caused no change in oxygen content, the milk was heated and cooled in a plate-type heat exchanger. In the second, the milk was again heated indirectly and then evaporatively cooled, leaving in the milk about one-third of the initial oxygen content. In the third process the milk was heated by direct steam injection and cooled by evaporation and contained little or no residual oxygen.On processing and during subsequent storage for 90 days there was no loss of vitamin A, carotene, vitamin E, thiamine, riboflavine, pantothenic acid, biotin or nicotinic acid. There was little or no loss of vitamin B6or vitamin B12on processing, but up to 50% of each of these vitamins was lost during 90 days' storage. All the dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and about 20% of the ascorbic acid (AA) was lost on processing. There was no further loss of AA during 90 days’ storage when no residual oxygen was present, but in milks containing more than about 1 ppm oxygen all the AA was lost within 14 days. About 20% of the folic acid was lost on processing; thereafter, as with ascorbic acid, the extent of the loss on storage depended on the residual oxygen content of the milk: in the absence of oxygen the folic acid was stable.

STUDIES ON FOLIC ACID IN INFANCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
Yehuda Matoth ◽  
Ariela Pinkas ◽  
Rina Zamir ◽  
Fouad Mooallem ◽  
Nathan Grossowicz
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Folinic Acid ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Initial Drop ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

The level of folic and folinic acid in whole blood was assayed in 373 healthy infants from birth to one year. Folic acid was high at birth and dropped gradually over the first 8 postnatal weeks. The mean value for the remainder of the first year was significantly below the adult mean. Folinic acid was likewise high at birth and dropped parallel with the folic acid. However, following the initial drop, folinic acid mean values remained well above the adult mean. Folic and folinic acid values were higher in breast-fed than in artificially fed infants and lower in infants whose economic status was poor than in babies belonging to families of higher income.

scholarly journals Validity of dietary patterns to assess nutrient intake adequacy

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (S2) ◽  
pp. S12-S20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Román-Viñas ◽  
Lourdes Ribas Barba ◽  
Joy Ngo ◽  
Miguel Ángel Martínez-González ◽  
Trudy M. A. Wijnhoven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Β Carotene

The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the value of the methods used to assess dietary patterns for measuring nutrient intake adequacy in the population. Systematic review on Pubmed database up to April 2008. The search included specific key words and MeSH terms. No language limit was set. Only studies that compared food patterns with nutrient intake adequacy or nutrient biomarkers were included in the analysis. The search resulted in 1504 articles. The inclusion and exclusion criteria limited the selection to thirty articles. Nineteen studies evaluated the usefulness of the dietary patterns, eithera prioridefined (thirteen studies), or defined by factor analysis (four studies) or by cluster analysis (two studies), but only nine of them tested their validity (foura prioridefined and foura posterioridefined). Diet indices showed moderate to good validity results for measuring the adequacy of intakes for α-carotene, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin B6, Ca, folic acid, Fe and Mg. The factor analysis approach showed moderate to good validity correlations with the adequacy of intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin B6and folic acid. Vitamin B12and vitamin E are the micronutrients with less probability of being adequately assessed with dietary patternsa prioriora posterioridefined. Diet indices are tools with fair to moderate validity to assess micronutrient intake adequacy.

scholarly journals Effects of gamma-irradiation on the vitamin content of diets for laboratory animals

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie E. Coates ◽  
J. E. Ford ◽  
Margaret E. Gregory ◽  
S. Y. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Chick Diet

Practical-type diets for chicks, guinea-pigs and cats, and a chick diet of purified ingredients, were assayed for their vitamin content before and after gamma-irradiation at doses ranging from 2 to 5 Mrad. Irradiation of guinea-pig and chick diets resulted in small losses of vitamin A (in this investigation, 6 and 12 per cent respectively). Losses of vitamin E were larger (24 and 65 per cent) but were much less (11 per cent) when the diets were vacuum-packed before irradiation. Vitamins were less stable in the purified chick diets, the most susceptible being vitamins A, E, B6 and thiamine. Vitamin destruction was greatly increased when antioxidants were incorporated into this diet, and also when its moisture content was high. Vitamin A and β-carotene were almost completely destroyed in the cat diet, where there was also some loss of thiamine and folic acid.

scholarly journals On the salinity of the surface waters of the Irish Sea

1946 ◽  
Vol 239 (812) ◽  
pp. 579-592 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Maximum Correlation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Irish Sea

This paper contains a discussion of the observations on the salinity of the surface waters of the Irish Sea, which have been made by a number of authorities from the year 1905 until the end of 1939. Its objects are: (1) To put on record the chief variations of the salinity in the central part of the sea during the whole period of observation. (2) To calculate grand mean values of the characteristics of the salinity and of its seasonal variation for stations distributed over the whole area of the sea. (3) To investigate the degree of correlation between the salinities at pairs of stations, and to find for what time-differences the coefficients of correlation attain maximum values. (4) To investigate the degrees of correlation between the salinities at different stations and the rainfall and barometric gradients; and to find the time-lags which correspond to maximum correlation coefficients. (5) To obtain from the correlation coefficients such indications as they may afford of the mean currents of the sea. For the first and second of the above objects all the observations have been used, but the correlation coefficients given are based on the series of observations which began in 1934. Many correlation coefficients based on the earlier series have been evaluated, but they showed little concordance among themselves and were often in disagreement with those of the later series.

scholarly journals The effect of periconceptional supplementation on blood vitamin concentrations in women at recurrence risk for neural tube defect

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Schorah ◽  
J. Wild ◽  
R. Hartley ◽  
S. Sheppard ◽  
R. W. Smithells
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Neural Tube Defect ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
High Risk Women ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Risk Women

1. We measured erythrocyte folic acid and riboflavin, serum folic acid and leucocyte vitamin C in women at high risk for neural tube defect (NTD) recurrence who were receiving periconceptional vitamin supplementation, before they received extra vitamins, after 28 d of supplementation and at the 8th week of pregnancy. Blood vitamin concentrations in unsupplemented high-risk women were also compared with the values found in unsupplemented low-risk women.2. Vitamin supplementation with Pregnavite Forte F (Bencard®) raised the mean values for all vitamins measured by the 8th week of pregnancy. Mean erythrocyte folic acid rose from 250 to 478 ng/ml; plasma folic acid from 8·4 to 26·1 ng/ml; leucocyte vitamin C from 1·82 to 3·21 μg/ml blood; erythrocyte riboflavin (glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activation ratio) from 1·08 to 1·04. All women receiving supplements had increased their serum and erythrocyte folic acid levels above the highest values found in women in an earlier study, who subsequently gave birth to children with NTD. Not all women, however, increased their leucocyte ascorbic acid or erythrocyte ribflavin levels above the highest values.3. When vitamin concentrations in unsupplemented high-risk women were compared with levels in unsupplemented women at low risk for NTD, no significant differences were found in the mean values. However, a significantly higher proportion of high-risk compared with low-risk women had erythrocyte folic acid and leucocyte vitamin C values on or below the 5th percentile of the adult normal range.4. The effectiveness of Pregnavite Forte F (Bencard®) for increasing maternal vitamin reserves is discussed with a view to preventing NTD and the possibility of identifying groups at risk for NTD because of low blood vitamin levels is considered.

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