Hybrid Intelligence Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Kumar ◽  
Tarunpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Computational Intelligence ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Hybrid Intelligence

Over the decades, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have reached its greatest heights and started to emerge into various applications, ranging from health care to multimedia transmission. In these application domains, smart autonomous low power tiny devices known as sensor nodes form a wireless network to transmit their sensed data to the base station (BS) via multi-hop routing or directly. Implementation of routing techniques in WSNs is significantly challenging due to the resourceconstrained nature of the sensor nodes. Therefore, WSN researchers have turned to different Computational intelligence (CI) techniques in an attempt to design efficient routing protocols in WSN. However, the conventional routing protocols based on computational intelligence techniques have some drawbacks viz., slow convergence rate, large memory constraints, highly sensitive to initial value, large communication overheads, and high learning period. These issues have received considerable research attention at the network layer, which leads to the development of hybrid intelligence techniques to address the routing problems. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic survey on hybrid intelligence techniques based routing protocols in WSNs. Moreover, a comparative analysis of reviewed protocols with their strengths and limitations is also included in the survey.

A Heuristic Optimized Algorithm for Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 1019-1023
Author(s):  
Zhao Feng Yang ◽  
Ai Wan Fan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Optimal Algorithm ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Battery Capacity

Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes that involve numerous restrictions including computation capability and battery capacity. In this paper we propose an optimal algorithm with genetic algorithm taken into consideration, and compare it with three well known and widely used approaches, i.e., LEACH and LEACH-C, in performance evaluation. Experimental results show that the proposed approach increases the overall network lifetime, and data delivery at the base station than the other routing protocols. Key words: Wireless sensor networks, base station, heuristic optimized genetic algorithm, low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy

scholarly journals Three Level Heterogeneous Zonal Stable Election Protocol for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 01075
Author(s):  
Abdelkader Benelhouri ◽  
Hafida Idrissi-Saba ◽  
Jilali Antarir
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Stable Election Protocol

Sensor battery limitation has always been the most challenging hurdle for wireless sensor networks. Many energy effcient routing protocols have been proposed to overcome this issue in homogeneous networks where sensor nodes start with the same initial energy. When sensor nodes have different amount of initial energy, the network is heterogeneous and it becomes complicated to design an energy effcient routing protocol to save nodes energy and prolong network lifetime. Herein, we propose a three level heterogeneous routing protocol to boost network stability period of wireless sensor networks. The network model splits up into five zones according to nodes initial energies and distance to base station. For data communication, the proposed model relies on two types of communications: Direct and Multi-Hop. The choice of the type of communication is made according to nodes initial energy and their distance to the base station. The clustering scheme is used just in the zones that contains nodes with higher energies. The simulation of our proposed scheme is done using Matlab simulator and the results are compared to the conventional heterogeneous routing protocols 3-level heterogeneous Stable Election Protocol and 3-level Modified Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy.

scholarly journals Some aspects of Routing Protocols at Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 6654-6658
Author(s):  
Irfan Shaqiri ◽  
Aristotel Tentov
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing

In this paper we give an overview of some routing protocols which can improve the efficiency and scalability of wireless sensor networks. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. WSN are generally used to monitor activities and report events, such as pollution parameters, healthcare issues, fire info etc. in a specific area or environment. It routs data back to the Base Station (BS). Data transmission is usually a multi-hop from node to node towards the BS. This type of networks is limited in power, computational and communication bandwidth. The main goal of all researchers is to find out the energy efficient routing protocol which will improve considerably networks resources in term of prolonging lifetime of sensor nodes. Also we highlight the various routing protocol with advantages and limitations as well. 

scholarly journals HIERARCHICAL ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK–A SURVEY

2013 ◽  
pp. 200-204
Author(s):  
RENGUGADEVI G ◽  
SUMITHRA M. G
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Hierarchical Routing ◽  
Mobility Support ◽  
Stability Energy

Wireless sensor networks are a web of sensor nodes with a set of processor and limited memory unit embedded in it. Reliable routing of packets from the sensor node to its base station is the most important task for the networks. The routing protocols applied for the other networks cannot be used here due to its battery powered nodes. This paper gives an overview of the different hierarchical routing strategies used in wireless sensor networks and gives a brief working model of energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. In this paper performance of different routing protocols are compared based on metrics such as mobility support, stability, energy efficiency.

Performance Analysis of TBC-ACO Routing Protocol with Existing Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
A. Radhika ◽  
D. Haritha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Swarm Intelligence ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Congestion Aware

Wireless Sensor Networks, have witnessed significant amount of improvement in research across various areas like Routing, Security, Localization, Deployment and above all Energy Efficiency. Congestion is a problem of  importance in resource constrained Wireless Sensor Networks, especially for large networks, where the traffic loads exceed the available capacity of the resources . Sensor nodes are prone to failure and the misbehaviour of these faulty nodes creates further congestion. The resulting effect is a degradation in network performance, additional computation and increased energy consumption, which in turn decreases network lifetime. Hence, the data packet routing algorithm should consider congestion as one of the parameters, in addition to the role of the faulty nodes and not merely energy efficient protocols .Nowadays, the main central point of attraction is the concept of Swarm Intelligence based techniques integration in WSN.  Swarm Intelligence based Computational Swarm Intelligence Techniques have improvised WSN in terms of efficiency, Performance, robustness and scalability. The main objective of this research paper is to propose congestion aware , energy efficient, routing approach that utilizes Ant Colony Optimization, in which faulty nodes are isolated by means of the concept of trust further we compare the performance of various existing routing protocols like AODV, DSDV and DSR routing protocols, ACO Based Routing Protocol  with Trust Based Congestion aware ACO Based Routing in terms of End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Rate, Routing Overhead, Throughput and Energy Efficiency. Simulation based results and data analysis shows that overall TBC-ACO is 150% more efficient in terms of overall performance as compared to other existing routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.

scholarly journals Mobile Device Based Dynamic Key Management Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chin-Ling Chen ◽  
Chih-Cheng Chen ◽  
De-Kui Li
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Key Management ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Session Key ◽  
Dynamic Key Management ◽  
Dynamic Key

In recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) applications have tended to transmit data hop by hop, from sensor nodes through cluster nodes to the base station. As a result, users must collect data from the base station. This study considers two different applications: hop by hop transmission of data from cluster nodes to the base station and the direct access to cluster nodes data by mobile users via mobile devices. Due to the hardware limitations of WSNs, some low-cost operations such as symmetric cryptographic algorithms and hash functions are used to implement a dynamic key management. The session key can be updated to prevent threats of attack from each communication. With these methods, the data gathered in wireless sensor networks can be more securely communicated. Moreover, the proposed scheme is analyzed and compared with related schemes. In addition, an NS2 simulation is developed in which the experimental results show that the designed communication protocol is workable.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Based Low Energy Aware Gateway (LEAG) Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S3) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of a large amount of nodes connected in a self-directed manner. The most important problems in WSN are Energy, Routing, Security, etc., price of the sensor nodes and renovation of these networks is reasonable. The sensor node tools included a radio transceiver with an antenna and an energy source, usually a battery. WSN compute the environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pollution levels, etc., WSN built the network with the help of nodes. A sensor community consists of many detection stations known as sensor nodes, every of which is small, light-weight and portable. Nodes are linked separately. Each node is linked into the sensors. In recent years WSN has grow to be an essential function in real world. The data’s are sent from end to end multiple nodes and gateways, the data’s are connected to other networks such as wireless Ethernet. MGEAR is the existing mechanism. It works with the routing and energy consumption. The principal problem of this work is choosing cluster head, and the selection is based on base station, so the manner is consumes energy. In this paper, develop the novel based hybrid protocol Low Energy Aware Gateway (LEAG). We used Zigbee techniques to reduce energy consumption and routing. Gateway is used to minimize the energy consumption and data is send to the base station. Nodes are used to transmit the data into the cluster head, it transmit the data into gateway and gateway compress and aggregate the data then sent to the base station. Simulation result shows our proposed mechanism consumes less energy, increased throughput, packet delivery ration and secure routing when compared to existing mechanism (MGEAR).

scholarly journals Predictive Trajectory-Based Mobile Data Gathering Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Fan Chao ◽  
Zhiqin He ◽  
Renkuan Feng ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xiangping Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Cluster Center ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Tour Planning ◽  
Mobile Data Gathering

Tradition wireless sensor networks (WSNs) transmit data by single or multiple hops. However, some sensor nodes (SNs) close to a static base station forward data more frequently than others, which results in the problem of energy holes and makes networks fragile. One promising solution is to use a mobile node as a mobile sink (MS), which is especially useful in energy-constrained networks. In these applications, the tour planning of MS is a key to guarantee the network performance. In this paper, a novel strategy is proposed to reduce the latency of mobile data gathering in a WSN while the routing strategies and tour planning of MS are jointly optimized. First, the issue of network coverage is discussed before the appropriate number of clusters being calculated. A dynamic clustering scheme is then developed where a virtual cluster center is defined as the MS sojourn for data collection. Afterwards, a tour planning of MS based on prediction is proposed subject to minimizing the traveling distance to collect data. The proposed method is simulated in a MATLAB platform to show the overall performance of the developed system. Furthermore, the physical tests on a test rig are also carried out where a small WSN based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is developed in our laboratory. The test results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method proposed.

scholarly journals A SCALAR BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL APPLIED TO WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailash Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Failure Tolerance ◽  
Main Station

Wireless Sensor Networks motes have a small size, which leads to severe power supply restrictions. Much of the work on conserving power has been undertaken in the domain of routing protocols which deals with sending data in an efficient manner. In this paper a new scalar based protocol is proposed with a combination of multiple sub-base stations, that seeks to enhance the efficiency of protocol in terms of consumption of power and node failure tolerance. All the nodes are divided into regions, with each region having a sub- base station(sBS) and an arbitrary scalar value. Each sBS has lesser power supply and computation power compared to main station, but more of the mentioned metrics with respect to the sensor motes. Previous studies have described various paradigms and metrics for routing protocols and the placement of base stations. In this paper, the said algorithm is proposed, and its efficiency is analysed.

Novel Energy Aware Algorithm to Design Multilayer Architecture for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
pp. 79-114
Author(s):  
Naveen Chilamkurti ◽  
Sohail Jabbar ◽  
Abid Ali Minhas
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Unbalanced Load

Network layer functionalists are of core importance in the communication process and so the routing with energy aware trait is indispensable for improved network performance and increased network lifetime. Designing of protocol at this under discussion layer must consider the aforementioned factors especially for energy aware routing process. In wireless sensor networks there may be hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes communicating with each other and with the base station, which consumes more energy in exchanging data and information with the additive issues of unbalanced load and intolerable faults. Two main types of network architectures for sensed data dissemination from source to destination exist in the literature; Flat network architecture, clustered network architecture. In flat architecture based networks, uniformity can be seen since all the network nodes work in a same mode and generally do not have any distinguished role.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document