Pathogen and Indicator Organism Reduction Through Secondary Effluent Filtration: Implications for Reclaimed Water Production

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 596-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey D. Levine ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood ◽  
Samuel R. Farrah ◽  
Troy M. Scott ◽  
Joan B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Indicator Organism ◽  
Water Production

Chihuahua: a water reuse case in the desert

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-S. Espino ◽  
C.-J. Navarro ◽  
J.-M. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Groundwater Aquifers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
The City

Water supply for all kind of uses in Chihuahua is mainly groundwater. During the last decade this city has been damaged with a heavy hydrologic crisis because of a persistent drought. This came up with the overexploitation of groundwater aquifers; therefore a deficit between demand and offer was done. To minimize this problem the government authorities have started an integral plan of optimizing hydrologic resources which considers the treatment of wastewater and the use of reclaimed water. The secondary wastewater treatment facility of the city treats about 30,000 m3/d of a wastewater with high organic contents, and produces an effluent with low concentration of suspended solids, organic matter, fats, detergents, and metals. Reclaimed water is conveyed toward strategic sites for the irrigation of great green areas in sport clubs, educational institutions and industrial zones, besides of its utilization on some manufacturing processes, road service, and also over construction industry. The potential reuse of this water goes farther from those activities; the treatment of the secondary effluent until the required levels of the water-bearing recharge criteria are met for drinking water supply is considered as the next step to achieve through a suitable planning strategy for the best integral resource advantage.

scholarly journals Estimation of water quality by UV/Vis spectrometry in the framework of treated wastewater reuse

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwan Carré ◽  
Jean Pérot ◽  
Vincent Jauzein ◽  
Liming Lin ◽  
Miguel Lopez-Ferber
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectrometry as a complementary method for routine monitoring of reclaimed water production. Robustness of the models and compliance of their sensitivity with current quality limits are investigated. The following indicators are studied: total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrate. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) is used to find linear correlations between absorbances and indicators of interest. Artificial samples are made by simulating a sludge leak on the wastewater treatment plant and added to the original dataset, then divided into calibration and prediction datasets. The models are built on the calibration set, and then tested on the prediction set. The best models are developed with: PLSR for COD (Rpred2 = 0.80), TSS (Rpred2 = 0.86) and turbidity (Rpred2 = 0.96), and with a simple linear regression from absorbance at 208 nm (Rpred2 = 0.95) for nitrate concentration. The input of artificial data significantly enhances the robustness of the models. The sensitivity of the UV/Vis spectrometry monitoring system developed is compatible with quality requirements of reclaimed water production processes.

The Removal of Inorganic Anions from Municipal Secondary Effluent Using Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 1170-1178
Author(s):  
Jian Yang ◽  
Jiang Chang ◽  
Yi Ping Gan ◽  
Jin Hua Gao
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Magnetic Ion ◽  
Municipal Secondary Effluent

The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a magnetic ion exchange process (MIEX) in removing inorganic anions from municipal secondary effluent. Municipal secondary effluent drew from Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant treating about 800,000 m3/day domestic wastewater. In the pilot experiment, MIEX resin removed 37.01% phosphorus, 31.62% nitrate, 36.06% ammonium and 64.34% sulphate from municipal secondary effluent. Phosphorus concentration in resin influent influenced reclaimed water treatment efficiency. Phosphorus removal rate was positively correlated with the concentration in influent. If phosphorus concentration in influent was >0.82mg/L, phosphorus removal of >52% was achieved. Nitrate and sulphate removal had same variation laws. 18.92% average removal rate of nitrate in middle period was lower than 35.06% and 39.25% average removal rates in earlier and latter periods respectively. The average removal rates of ammonium in three periods were 83.03%, 43.51% and 84.29% respectively. Removed ammonium of each sample was about 0.250mg/L, average removal rate was 36.06%. Lower ammonium concentration in influent could cause higher removal rate. Otherwise, magnetic ion exchange process could increase turbidity and could not disinfect, the resin effluent will be treated with coagulation-sedimentation and ozonation for groundwater recharge research with reclaimed water.

Investigation of potential surrogate organisms and public health risk in UV irradiated secondary effluent

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simpson ◽  
J. Jacangelo ◽  
P. Loughran ◽  
C. McIlroy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Indicator Organism ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Public Health Risk

Watercare's Mangere Wastewater Treatment Plant in Auckland, New Zealand treats sewage from a population equivalent of approximately 1,000,000. The treatment plant is currently undergoing a major upgrade, and as a part of this upgrade the largest UV disinfection plant in the world (at the time of award of the contract) is being constructed. Pilot scale investigations were undertaken at a purpose built facility. The pilot plant employed secondary treatment, sand filtration, UV disinfection and a number of low pressure membrane systems. Investigations at the facility focussed on attempting to identify relationships between potential surrogate indicator organisms (including enterococci, faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens spores and F-specific bacteriophage) and pathogenic organisms (including culturable human enteric viruses, bacterial pathogens and parasites). The aim of the study was to identify a suitable indicator organism and an associated effluent concentration that would ensure that an acceptable level of public health risk was maintained in the environment. The results showed that no suitable surrogate indicator organism could be found. However the results did indicate that a two tiered operating strategy, based on the concentration of enteroviruses present in raw sewage and an appropriate UV dose, would ensure that an acceptable level of public health risk was maintained in the environment.

Agronomic and public health assessment of reclaimed water quality for landscape irrigation

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Mujeriego ◽  
Lluís Sala ◽  
Maria Carbó ◽  
Josep Turet
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Fertilization Program ◽  
Storage Pond ◽  
Bottom Oxygen

The Mas Nou golf course has been using disinfected secondary effluent for irrigation since September 1989. Although adjusted-SAR values and EC of irrigation water have generally fallen in the non-restricted irrigation categories, EC values were initially higher than desirable for turf irrigation, due to high effluent chloride concentration. A definite solution was reached in the summer of 1993 with completion of a new surface water transfer. Since 1993, EC values in summer effluent range from 1.2 to 1.5 dS/m. A new water and storage pond management system has been proposed to optimize both water and nutrients application, using only the most adequate water source available at a given time. The relatively low iron contributions of reclaimed water have resulted in occasional spots of ferric chlorosis, which have been recovered with localized application of iron compounds. Fertilizer savings have ranged from 0.06 to 0.12 US $/m3 of reclaimed effluent. Weekly analyses of reclaimed water show that faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci concentrations lower than 100 cfu/100 mL can be consistently achieved. By mechanical mixing of top oxygen-rich waters with bottom oxygen-depleted waters in the storage ponds, odor problems have been totally eliminated. Close collaboration with the greenkeeper has resulted in a more favorable attitude to the water quality requirements of reclaimed effluent and a more effective and economical fertilization program. The greenkeeper perception has gradually evolved from a passive acceptance of the requirements of using reclaimed water to a positive recognition of its benefits.

Research on Secondary Effluent and Reclaimed Water Reusing for Concrete Mixing

2011 ◽  
Vol 261-263 ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Yong Sheng Shi ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Yu Zhen Shi ◽  
Yong Wei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
Aging Resistance ◽  
Mixing Water

Secondary effluent and reclaimed water reusing as mixing water in concrete production is studied in this paper. The research mainly focuses on the influences of mixing water on the mixture ability of concrete, basic mechanical properties of concrete, concrete admixture (water reducing) and the aging resistance ability of concrete. The experiment shows that the abilities of concrete mixed with the reused secondary effluent and reclaimed water has no obvious difference from concrete mixed with drinking water, and actually it displays better function in terms of certain abilities than the latter.

scholarly journals Sustainable Reclaimed Water Management by Subsurface Drip Irrigation System: a study case for forage production

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Palacios ◽  
V. Mendoza-Grimón ◽  
F. Fernández ◽  
J.R. Fernandez-Vera ◽  
J.M. Hernandez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
System A ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Agricultural Investments

In the Canary Islands the price fluctuation of groundwater (0.3 to 0.7 €/m3), which is a private resource, often limits the recovery of the agricultural investments. Availability of alternative resources (reclaimed water: RW, desalinized seawater: DW and desalinized reclaimed water: DRW) at a foreseeable price will allow people to design the optimal infrastructures adapted to their needs The pumping cost is included in the “public” water price of DW (0.6 €/m3), RW (0.2 €/m3) and DRW (0.42 €/m3), but only if it is under 300 m of altitude. As a subsurface irrigation system (SDI), uses the soil as a natural advanced (but not high cost) water treatment, the in situ reuse of RW produced by lower tech wastewater plants would provide a valuable resource for the small villages. A successful study case is presented here. A 2-year SDI experiment was performed using RW, cultivating alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Sudan grass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ssp sudanense). Although a saline (EC: 2.24 dS/m) and sodic (SAR: 6.9) water was used, irrigation with SDI led to high forage yields (between 8.4 and 11.9 kg of fresh matter/m2 obtained by 8 harvests per year). However, sand filter and drip lines have to be cleaned weakly and every 6 months respectively. As a conclusion of this study, adequate plant germination and yields, and feasibility of SDI using a secondary effluent was demonstrated. Besides, water cost represents only 24 to 17 % from the gross income.

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