Nutritional Properties of African Pear Seed and Performance of Defatted Cake in Poultry Feed Formulations

Abstract With feed being a costly input, the goal of any producer is to find feed sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability and performance trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired by broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers at 34d of age when put on trial, were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture. Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred (P < 0.01), while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio did not differ (P < 0.39). In the performance trial, the same broilers were fed the same rations along with a control group for 27d. No difference was detected in body weight at either d0 (P = 0.98) or d27 (P = 0.78) across treatment groups. In comparison to control, 1:1 had a 3% decrease, and 3:1 had a 13% decrease in cost, while, 1:3 had a 4.2 % increase per bird in cost when compared to control. In conclusion, olive pomace can be a cost effective feed supplement for broilers and maintain efficiency of gain.

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Effects of exogenous β-glucanase on ileal digesta soluble β-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of coccidiosis challenged broiler chickens fed hulless barley-based diets with and without medication

10.1101/2020.07.06.189258 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Namalika D. Karunaratne ◽

Rex W. Newkirk ◽

Nancy P. Ames ◽

Andrew. G. Van Kessel ◽

Michael R. Bedford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Average Molecular Weight ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Hulless Barley ◽

Beta Glucanase ◽

And Performance

AbstractLimited use of medication in poultry feed led to the investigation of exogenous enzymes as antibiotic alternatives for controlling enteric disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet β-glucanase (BGase) and medication on β-glucan depolymerization, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of broilers. Broilers were fed hulless barley (HB) based diets with BGase (Econase GT 200P from AB Vista; 0 and 0.1%) and medication (Bacitracin and Salinomycin Na; with and without) arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial. In Experiment 1, 160 broilers were housed in cages from d 0 to 28. Each treatment was assigned to 10 cages. In Experiment 2, broilers (2376) were housed in floor pens and challenged with a coccidiosis vaccine on d 5. Each treatment was assigned to one floor pen in each of nine rooms. In Experiment 1, the soluble β-glucan weight average molecular weight (Mw) in the ileal digesta was lower with medication in the 0% BGase treatments. Peak molecular weight (Mp) and Mw were lower with BGase regardless of medication. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% β-glucan (MW-10%) was lower with BGase. In Experiment 2, Mp was lower with medication in 0% BGase treatments. Beta-glucanase resulted in lower Mp regardless of medication, and the degree of response was lower with medication. The MW-10% was lower with BGase despite antibiotic addition. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency were higher with medication regardless of BGase use through-out the trial (except d 11-22 feed efficiency). Beta-glucanase resulted in higher BWG after d 11, and lower and higher feed efficiency before and after d 11, respectively, in unmedicated treatments. In conclusion, BGase and medication caused the depolymerization of soluble ileal β-glucan. Beta-glucanase appeared as a partial replacement for diet medication to increase coccidiosis challenged broiler performance.

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11 Carcass Attributes and Performance of Poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) fed Olive Pomace

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz397.055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 24-25

Author(s):

Benny J Conn ◽

Payton Snokhous ◽

Ethan Carter ◽

Phil Urso ◽

Jerrad F Legako ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Phase I ◽

Sensory Analysis ◽

Low Cost ◽

Decanoic Acid ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Chicken Breast ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

And Performance

Abstract In livestock production systems, feed is the most expensive production input. The goal of any producer is to find feed that provides a balance of nutrients to meet requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace, a by-product of the olive industry, can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). The objective of this study was to determine adipose tissue content and sensory attributes of chicken breast (Phase I), as well as determine growth of growing chickens fed a mixture of commercial feed and olive pomace (Phase II). In Phase I, mature broilers were fed rations consisting of 25%, 50%, and 75% olive pomace blended with standard poultry feed for 27d. After harvest, a fat sample was taken for fatty acid analysis, and a breast was taken from each bird for sensory analysis. The only difference in fatty acid composition was in the 50% treatment, which had lower amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and higher amounts of decanoic acid. No significant differences were detected between treatment groups in the sensory analysis (P = 0.79). The young chickens (n = 40) were divided into three groups and fed a standard diet (control), or a standard diet with either 25% or 75% replaced with olive pomace. They were fed ad libitum for 35d; total feed consumed was measured daily and bodyweight (BW) was recorded weekly. No difference was detected between control and 25% in BW, but the 75% was lighter (P < 0.01) than the other groups. Additionally, 75% consumed more feed (0.91/lb/bird/d; P < 0.01) than any other group with no difference between control (0.64/lb/bird/d) and 25% (0.71/lb/bird/d). The results show that olive pomace can be utilized in chicken rations and will not affect growth or the quality of the end product.

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12 Animal acceptability trail of olive pomace on Gallus gallus domesticus

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz053.024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 11-11

Author(s):

Payton W Snokhous ◽

Stanley Kelley ◽

Marcy Beverly ◽

Mark Anderson

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Control Group ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Commercial Broiler ◽

Consumption Rates ◽

Group A ◽

And Performance ◽

Broiler Feed

Abstract In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired to broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers 34 days of age when put on trial, the broilers were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture (O:C). Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred, (P < .001) while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio of O:C. did not differentiate (P < .39) continuation of this study will be to feed a control group a commercial broiler feed, along with a 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 O:C to determine the effect on performance and carcass attributes of each group.

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91 Animal acceptability trail of olive pomace on Gallus gallus domesticus

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz053.064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 29-29

Author(s):

Payton W Snokhous ◽

Stanley Kelley ◽

Marcy Beverly ◽

Mark Anderson

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Control Group ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Commercial Broiler ◽

Consumption Rates ◽

Group A ◽

And Performance ◽

Broiler Feed

Abstract In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired to broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers 34 days of age when put on trial, the broilers were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture (O:C). Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred, (P < .001) while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio of O:C. did not differentiate (P < .39) continuation of this study will be to feed a control group a commercial broiler feed, along with a 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 O:C to determine the effect on performance and carcass attributes of each group.

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12 Carcass Attributes and Performance of Poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) fed Olive Pomace

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz397.028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 13-13

Author(s):

Benny J Conn ◽

Payton Snokhous ◽

Ethan Carter ◽

Phil Urso ◽

Jerrad F Legako ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Phase I ◽

Sensory Analysis ◽

Low Cost ◽

Decanoic Acid ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Chicken Breast ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

And Performance

Abstract In livestock production systems, feed is the most expensive production input. The goal of any producer is to find feed that provides a balance of nutrients to meet requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace, a by-product of the olive industry, can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). The objective of this study was to determine adipose tissue content and sensory attributes of chicken breast (Phase I), as well as determine growth of growing chickens fed a mixture of commercial feed and olive pomace (Phase II). In Phase I, mature broilers were fed rations consisting of 25%, 50%, and 75% olive pomace blended with standard poultry feed for 27d. After harvest, a fat sample was taken for fatty acid analysis, and a breast was taken from each bird for sensory analysis. The only difference in fatty acid composition was in the 50% treatment, which had lower amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and higher amounts of decanoic acid. No significant differences were detected between treatment groups in the sensory analysis (P = 0.79). The young chickens (n = 40) were divided into three groups and fed a standard diet (control), or a standard diet with either 25% or 75% replaced with olive pomace. They were fed ad libitum for 35d; total feed consumed was measured daily and bodyweight (BW) was recorded weekly. No difference was detected between control and 25% in BW, but the 75% was lighter (P < 0.01) than the other groups. Additionally, 75% consumed more feed (0.91/lb/bird/d; P < 0.01) than any other group with no difference between control (0.64/lb/bird/d) and 25% (0.71/lb/bird/d). The results show that olive pomace can be utilized in chicken rations and will not affect growth or the quality of the end product.

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Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Analysis with the Siemens ELMISKOP 101

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095509 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

H. M. Thieringer

Keyword(s):

Objective Lens ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Image Recording ◽

Mode Of Operation ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

And Performance ◽

Convergent Beam ◽

Ray Path ◽

Beam Diffraction

It has repeatedly been show that with conventional electron microscopes very fine electron probes can be produced, therefore allowing various micro-techniques such as micro recording, X-ray microanalysis and convergent beam diffraction. In this paper the function and performance of an SIEMENS ELMISKOP 101 used as a scanning transmission microscope (STEM) is described. This mode of operation has some advantages over the conventional transmission microscopy (CTEM) especially for the observation of thick specimen, in spite of somewhat longer image recording times.Fig.1 shows schematically the ray path and the additional electronics of an ELMISKOP 101 working as a STEM. With a point-cathode, and using condensor I and the objective lens as a demagnifying system, an electron probe with a half-width ob about 25 Å and a typical current of 5.10-11 amp at 100 kV can be obtained in the back focal plane of the objective lens.

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Angular Resolved Electron Spectroscopy with Parallel Recording

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100135459 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 370-371

Author(s):

Huang Min ◽

P.S. Flora ◽

C.J. Harland ◽

J.A. Venables

Keyword(s):

Electron Spectroscopy ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Solid Angle ◽

Detection System ◽

Voltage Electron ◽

Cylindrical Mirror ◽

Inner Radius ◽

Channel Plate ◽

And Performance ◽

Type Detector

A cylindrical mirror analyser (CMA) has been built with a parallel recording detection system. It is being used for angular resolved electron spectroscopy (ARES) within a SEM. The CMA has been optimised for imaging applications; the inner cylinder contains a magnetically focused and scanned, 30kV, SEM electron-optical column. The CMA has a large inner radius (50.8mm) and a large collection solid angle (Ω > 1sterad). An energy resolution (ΔE/E) of 1-2% has been achieved. The design and performance of the combination SEM/CMA instrument has been described previously and the CMA and detector system has been used for low voltage electron spectroscopy. Here we discuss the use of the CMA for ARES and present some preliminary results.The CMA has been designed for an axis-to-ring focus and uses an annular type detector. This detector consists of a channel-plate/YAG/mirror assembly which is optically coupled to either a photomultiplier for spectroscopy or a TV camera for parallel detection.

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Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156985 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 1000-1001

Author(s):

Joe A. Mascorro ◽

Gerald S. Kirby

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Succinic Anhydride ◽

Volume Flow Rate ◽

Mass Density ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Volume Flow ◽

Base Resin ◽

And Performance ◽

Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

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Trace nanoanalysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100172437 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 940-941

Author(s):

D. E. Newbury ◽

R. D. Leapman

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽

Detection Efficiency ◽

Volume Element ◽

And Performance ◽

Trace Constituents ◽

Secondary Ion ◽

Concentration Levels ◽

Structure Properties

Trace constituents, which can be very loosely defined as those present at concentration levels below 1 percent, often exert influence on structure, properties, and performance far greater than what might be estimated from their proportion alone. Defining the role of trace constituents in the microstructure, or indeed even determining their location, makes great demands on the available array of microanalytical tools. These demands become increasingly more challenging as the dimensions of the volume element to be probed become smaller. For example, a cubic volume element of silicon with an edge dimension of 1 micrometer contains approximately 5×1010 atoms. High performance secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to measure trace constituents to levels of hundreds of parts per billion from such a volume element (e. g., detection of at least 100 atoms to give 10% reproducibility with an overall detection efficiency of 1%, considering ionization, transmission, and counting).

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