scholarly journals Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Afrika Focus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Busani Mpofu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Housing Shortages ◽  
Urban Development Policy

After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persist- ence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth of informal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zim- babwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general. Key words: squatters, outcasts, informality, institutional weaknesses, peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe 

scholarly journals Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Afrika Focus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Busani Mpofu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Housing Shortages ◽  
Urban Development Policy

After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persistence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth ofinformal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zimbabwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general.

RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION AND CHILD SURVIVAL IN URBAN BANGLADESH: ARE THE URBAN MIGRANTS AND POOR DISADVANTAGED?

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MAZHARUL ISLAM ◽  
KAZI MD ABUL KALAM AZAD
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Urban Rural

SummaryThis paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children’s survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural–urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant–native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural–urban migrants seem to be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor–non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant’s children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors of Rural Families’ Migration to Urban Area: The Case of Kabul, Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdul Ahad Hakim ◽  
Ismet Boz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Manuscript Preparation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Aims: This study aimed to determine factors influencing rural families’ migration to urban areas in Kabul, Afghanistan. Place and Duration of Study: Data were collected in different neighbourhoods of Kabul, Afghanistan during the July-September period of 2019. Data analyses and manuscript preparation were completed in the October-December period of 2019. Methodology: First, the most populated neighbourhoods of Kabul, particularly those areas where the majority of families migrated from rural areas were determined. The data of the study were collected from 400 rural-urban migrants in Kabul city. The questionnaires were filled during face to face informal meetings with households. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means. The questionnaire included socio-economic characteristics of rural-urban migrants, pushing and pulling factors which affected rural migration, reasons for insecurity in rural areas, and satisfaction and reintegration of migrants in Kabul city. Results: The results show that unemployment with 9.53 and fear of terror with 9.15 are the most effective pushing factors for rural families to migrate. However, the most important pulling factors which make Kabul city attractive for rural families are the issues regarding rights (women rights with 8.82, having right to vote with 8.73 and human rights with 8.71). Conclusion: In the last five years Afghanistan had huge number immigration internally (1.1 million person) and internationally (1.7 million people) Results of this study suggest that to slower rural-urban migration in Afghanistan, rural development programs should be implemented, and the priority of these programs should be given to the creation of employment opportunities and eliminating gender inequalities in rural areas. Otherwise, either rural-urban migration or dissatisfaction of being in Kabul and preferring not reintegrating back to their villages will make rural-urban migrants seek international migration.

scholarly journals RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS OF KARACHI

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Shagufta Nasreen ◽  
Asma Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Questionnaire Method

Poverty creates many problems. Out of which one major problem is an increase in migration rate. In Pakistan, the rate of inter province and rural urban migration has increased in the last few years resulting in an expansion in urban population. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of women who have migrated from rural to urban areas with their families and are living in urban slums. Moreover, the study aims to explore the reasons of migration from rural to urban areas, the change occurred in their living conditions and their level of satisfaction. Total 100 women from selected katchi abadis (urban slums) of Karachi and were in-depth interviewed through questionnaire method. To have an in depth analysis of the situation, both open and closed ended questions were included. Results show that most of these women have migrated with their families due to poverty. The need is to take decisions that promote equity and social justice. The distribution of resources and development planning need to focus on the need of urban and rural areas on equal bases because just moving towards metropolitan city does not change their living rather it is deteriorating the situation.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

SKEWED PEDIATRIC PRIORITIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-388
Author(s):  
D. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost

Although three quarters of the population in most developing countries live in rural areas, three quarters of the spending on medical care is in urban areas, where three quarters of the doctors live. Three quarters of the deaths are caused by conditions that can be prevented at low cost, but three quarters of the medical budget is spent on curative services, many of them provided for the elite at high cost.

Examining calorie undernourishment in India: Is it due to choice or inadequacy?

2020 ◽  
pp. 026010602094973
Author(s):  
Udaya S Mishra ◽  
Balakrushna Padhi ◽  
Rinju
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Common Understanding

Background: Calorie undernourishment is often associated with poverty but India presents a unique scene of decline in money-metric poverty and rise in calorie deprivation. Existing literature has varied explanation towards this effect. However, neither are the poor entirely calorie compromised nor do all the non-poor qualify calorie compliance. Aim: This is an attempt at verifying whether calorie undernourishment is a result of choice of food basket or the inadequacy of food expenditure. Method: An answer to this question is attempted with the exploration of data obtained from the National Sample Survey Organization’s Consumption Expenditure of Indian households for the periods 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Results: Findings reveal that over the last one decade, the average per capita per day calorie intakes have slightly increased from 2040.55 Kcal in 2004–2005 to 2087.33 Kcal in 2011–2012, which has led to the increased share of well-nourished households from 20.21% in the 61st round to 22.78% in the 68th round of survey in rural areas, whereas the similar increase in urban areas is from 36.1% to 40.65%. Conclusions: Calorie undernourishment among the non-poor is observed that calorie undernourishment, if any, among the non-poor is entirely due to choice but the same among the poor has a divide between choice and inadequacy. The urban poor are calorie compromised more due to choice rather than inadequacy as against their rural counterparts. With higher poverty, calorie, non-compliance among the poor is more due to choice when compared with lower magnitude of poverty. These observations form a basis for contesting the common understanding that calorie compromise is entirely driven by inadequacy/incapacity of food expenditure. could be viewed in terms of the food choices made, especially among the poor while setting the minimum threshold of food expenditure to be calorie compliant.

scholarly journals HOUSING AFFORDABILITY AND INTER-REGIONAL MOVES AMONG OLDER ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S276-S276
Author(s):  
Sarah Mawhorter ◽  
Jennifer A Ailshire
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Home Equity

Abstract Housing prices have risen in urban areas across the US since 2000, with only a brief interruption after the housing crisis of 2008. At the same time, prosperous urban areas have pulled away from declining urban and rural areas. Older adults are more likely to be affected by both increases and divergence of housing prices: owners may not be able to afford rising property taxes (though they benefit from increasing home equity), and renters are especially vulnerable. Housing affordability constraints may also affect the places where older adults can afford to move. In this paper, we compare the residential mobility patterns of adults aged 50+ living in high-cost, mid-cost, and low-cost areas from 2000-2014, using data from the Health and Retirement Study with county-level US Census and American Community Survey contextual data, as well as the Zillow Home Value Index. We find that both homeowners and renters living in high-cost areas remain in place at higher rates compared with those living in mid-cost and low-cost areas. Among those who move, older adults living in high-cost regions move towards mid-cost and low-cost regions more often than the reverse. The differences are particularly pronounced for renters. The overall outcome is a net movement of older adults away from high-cost areas towards mid-cost and low-cost areas. These shifts have consequences for the well-being of older adults facing budget constraints that may limit the areas where they can afford to live or move, and broader implications for the future of urban areas.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Anselem C. Nweke
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Mode Analysis ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The Government

This paper examines the implication of rural- urban migration on Nigeria Society using Anambra state as focus of the study. Cities have been growing both through natural increase and through stampede from rural areas in Nigeria. People migrate to urban areas based on the prevailing conditions they fund themselves and the reasons for the migration vary from one individual to another depending on the situation that informs the decision to migrate. In most rural areas, the effect of rural-urban migration was a rapid deterioration of the rural economy leading to poverty and food scarcity. The cause of the phenomenon has been described as the push factors in the rural areas and the pull factors in the urban areas. The objective of this paper is to identify the implication of rural-urban migration on Nigeria society. It is a survey research. Thus, 1200 questionnaire were distributed among the selected local governments in Anambra State. The analysis was run using Runs test and mode analysis. The result of the analysis found the effect of people migrating from rural areas to urban centres on the society to include: increase in prostitution in the urban centres; increase in squalor settlement in the urban centres; and people are doing all sorts of odd jobs in order to survive in urban centres. The paper therefore recommends that the government should make and implement a policy on provision of functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc. in the rural areas. Good schools and qualified teachers should be made available in the rural areas and establishment of industries in both rural and urban areas that will to an extent accommodate unemployed youths.

scholarly journals Kemiskinan dan Migrasi: Analisis Data SAKERTI 2000 dan 2007

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulia Nabila ◽  
Elda L. Pardede
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Migration ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Logistic Regressions

AbstractThis paper aims to analyze the effect of poverty on migration by using the IFLS 2000 and 2007 data. The results of binary and multinomial logistic regressions on all adults, adults in urban areas, and adults in rural areas show that the poor are less likely to migrate than the non-poorexcept for the case of urban to urban migration, where the poor are more likely to migrate than the non-poor. The results for other economic characteristics such as total value of assets and land ownership for farming consistently show that better economic conditions lower the probability to migrate.Keywords: Poverty, Migration, Urban Migration, Rural Migration, IFLS AbstrakStudi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kemiskinan terhadap migrasi dengan menggunakan sampel individu 15 tahun ke atas dari data Survei Aspek Kehidupan Rumah Tangga Indonesia (SAKERTI) tahun 2000 dan 2007. Hasil regresi logistik biner dan multinomial menunjukkan bahwa untuk semua individu, baik individu di perkotaan maupun di perdesaan, peluang orang miskin untuk bermigrasi lebih kecil daripada yang tidak miskin. Namun, untuk individu di perkotaan, ditemukan bahwa peluang orang miskin untuk bermigrasi dari perkotaan ke perkotaan lebih besar dibanding yang tidak miskin. Hasil regresi untuk karakteristik ekonomi lainnya seperti total nilai aset dan kepemilikan lahan pertanian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekonomi yang lebih baik menurunkan probabilitas bermigrasi.Kata kunci: Kemiskinan, Migrasi, Migrasi Perkotaan, Migrasi Perdesaan, SAKERTI

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