scholarly journals Identification of the most preferred topographic elevation characteristics for the wild olive trees in Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
Abdullah Saleh Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Site Suitability ◽  
Elevation Range ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

The aim of this research was to identify the topographical elevation characteristics most preferred by wild olive trees in the Al-Baha region. This study successfully identified the elevation preferred by wild olives. The results show that the majority (81.6%) of wild olives are located at an elevation range of 1,750–2,500m. However, in the Al-Mandaq sub-region, many wild olive trees can also be found at a lower elevation of 1,250–1,500m, while wild olive presence at a higher elevation of 2000–2,500m can be found in the Al-Baha sub-region. It was observed that at a lower elevation of 1500–1750m, most wild olive crown sizes are small, indicating that the wild olive prefers a higher elevation to grow well. These findings can be regarded as theoretically indicating landforms suitable for olive plantation. As a basis for the suitability of olive plantation sites, these topographical characteristics factors are the essential prerequisites. However, it is obvious that site suitability is subject to the temporal dynamics of environmental variables.

scholarly journals Identifying the Topographic Slope Characteristics Most Preferred By Wild Olive Trees in Al-Bahah Region, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
The West ◽  
Site Suitability ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Topographic Slope ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

The aims of this research were to identify the topographical slope characteristics most preferred by wild olive trees in the Al-Bahah region. This study successfully identified the degree of the slope preferred for wild olive groves. The findings revealed that the majority (72.9%) of wild olive trees in Al-Bahah region occupy slopes of 5–30°. However, the patterns in Qelwa and Al-Mekhwah districts are a bit different where most of the wild olives were found on steeper slopes of 20–40°. This is probably because these sub-regions have a medium to steep slope, descending gradually toward the west, the altitudes ranging from 200 (400) to 2001 and 2200 m west of Al¬-Bahah city and Uwera, and between 2000 and 2100 m west of Baljurashi. The results further depicted that the wild olive with the medium-large crown diameter mostly occupied the gentler slopes of 0–25° compared to those with small crown diameters at steeper slopes of 5–35°. This indicates that the wild olive trees grow better on gentler slopes. These findings can be regarded as theoretically revealing the potential landform suitable for olive plantation. As a basis for olive plantation site suitability, these factors are the essential prerequisites to be considered. However. In addition, it is obvious that site suitability is subject to the temporal dynamics of environmental variables.

scholarly journals Wild Olive Trees Extent in Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia According to Trees’ Age, Health, and Clustering Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Saleh Al-Ghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Landscape Preference ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery ◽  
Clustering Behavior ◽  
Density Zone

This study provided detailed information on the attributes of wild olive species in the Al- Baha region, Saudi Arabia. The study area lay along the Sarah mountain, encompassing the districts of Al-Qura, Al-Mandaq, Al- Baha and the southern part of Baljurashi. This indicates the preference of wild olive for high foggy mountain conditions, which was pre-determined by the study to be a medium-high vegetation density zone. Information extracted from high resolution satellite imagery Pleaides revealed that there are 717,894 wild olive trees (360 trees per km2) in the study area, covering 1,991 km2 .The districts of Al-Mandaq and Al-Baha have higher wild olive density with younger and highly clustered trees, whereas Al-Qura and Baljurashi districts have lower wild olive density, with medium clustered older trees. The districts of Al-Aqiq, Qelwa and Mekhwa have the least density of wild olive with younger trees and light clustering. Clustering behavior was enumerated directly at the sampling plots and the results depicted that the majority of wild olives occur in clusters with mostly 5-10 trees per cluster. The olive tree is found naturally in Al-Baha and can reportedly maintain its populations in natural old growth forests for several hundred years. This study identified the age of wild olive trees in the study area. The results indicated that there were more (68%) of young age class (<50 years old) of wild olive trees, whereas Baljurashi showed the highest percentage of old age class (>150 years). The majority (88.6%) of the wild olive trees were healthy, while more unhealthy trees were observed in Al-Mandaq and Al-Baha districts. As observed during the groundwork, unhealthy trees particularly due to dieback, were more discerned with juniper affecting vegetation in Al-Mandaq and South Baha, with 45% and 18% respectively. Similarly, this study recorded trace of unhealthy vegetation, with 11.4% of the wild olive trees in an unhealthy condition. This information would be essential in ‘Identifying the Landscape Preference of Wild Olive in Al-Baha Region Saudi Arabia’.  

scholarly journals Processing Effect and Characterization of Olive Oils from Spanish Wild Olive Trees (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1304
Author(s):  
Francisco Espínola ◽  
Alfonso M. Vidal ◽  
Juan M. Espínola ◽  
Manuel Moya
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Analytical Point ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

Wild olive trees have important potential, but, to date, the oil from wild olives has not been studied significantly, especially from an analytical point of view. In Spain, the wild olive tree is called “Acebuche” and its fruit “Acebuchina”. The objective of this work is to optimize the olive oil production process from the Acebuchina cultivar and characterize the oil, which could be marketed as healthy and functional food. A Box–Behnken experimental design with five central points was used, along with the Response Surface Methodology to obtain a mathematical experimental model. The oils from the Acebuchina cultivar meet the requirements for human consumption and have a good balance of fatty acids. In addition, the oils are rich in antioxidants and volatile compounds. The highest extraction yield, 12.0 g oil/100 g paste, was obtained at 90.0 min and the highest yield of phenolic compounds, 870.0 mg/kg, was achieved at 40.0 °C, and 90.0 min; but the maximum content of volatile compounds, 26.9 mg/kg, was obtained at 20 °C and 30.0 min. The oil yield is lower than that of commercial cultivars, but the contents of volatile and phenolic compounds is higher.

Matronianus, Comes Isauriae: an Inscription from an Early Byzantine Basilica at Yanıkhan, Rough Cilicia

1985 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hill
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
The Road ◽  
Scrub Oak ◽  
The North ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
The Village ◽  
Early Byzantine

The ruins at Yanıkhan form the remains of a Late Roman village in the interior of Rough Cilicia some 8 kilometres inland from the village of Limonlu on the road to Canbazlı (see Fig. 1). The site has not been frequently visited by scholars, and the first certain reference to its existence was made by the late Professor Michael Gough after his visit on 2 September 1959. Yanıkhan is now occupied only by the Yürüks who for years have wintered on the southern slopes of Sandal Dağ. The ancient settlement at Yanıkhan consisted of a village covering several acres. The remains are still extensive, and some, especially the North Basilica, are very well preserved, but there has been considerable disturbance in recent years as stone and rubble have been removed in order to create small arable clearings. The visible remains include many domestic buildings constructed both from polygonal masonry without mortar and from mortar and rubble with coursed smallstone facing. There are several underground cisterns and a range of olive presses. The countryside around the settlement has been terraced for agricultural purposes in antiquity, and is, like the settlement itself, densely covered with scrub oak and wild olive trees. The most impressive remains are those of the two basilical churches which are of little artistic pretension, but considerable architectural interest. The inscription which forms the substance of this article was found on the lintel block of the main west entrance of the South Basilica.

MITIGATION OF TIME SERIES APPROACH ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ON RAINFALL OF WADI AL-AQIQ, MADINAH, SAUDI ARABIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norhan Abd Rahman ◽  
Zulkifli Yusop ◽  
Zekai Şen ◽  
Saud Taher ◽  
Ibrahim Lawal Kane
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
State Space ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis

Rainfall record plays a significant role in assessment of climate change, water resource planning and management. In arid region, studies on rainfall are rather scarce due to intricacy and constraint of the available data. Most available studies use more advanced approaches such as A2 scenario, General Circulation Models (GCM) and the like, to study the temporal dynamics and make projection on future rainfall. However, those models take no account of the data patterns and its predictability. Therefore, this study uses time series analysis methodologies such as Mann- Kendall trend test, de-trended fluctuation analysis and state space time series approaches to study the dynamics of rainfall records of four stations in and around Wadi Al-Aqiq, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). According to Mann-Kendall trend test there are decreasing trend in three out of the four stations. The de-trended fluctuation analysis revealed two distinct scaling properties that spells the predictability of the records and confirmed by state space methods. 

Agronomic evaluation of seedlings from crosses between the main Spanish olive cultivar ‘Picual’ and two wild olive trees

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Klepo ◽  
Amani Toumi ◽  
RaÚl De La Rosa ◽  
Lorenzo LeÓn ◽  
Angjelina Belaj
Keyword(s):  
Olive Cultivar ◽  
Agronomic Evaluation ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

scholarly journals Soil moisture control on sap-flow response to biophysical factors in a desert-shrub species, <i>Artemisia ordosica</i>

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianshan Zha ◽  
Duo Qian ◽  
Xin Jia ◽  
Yujie Bai ◽  
Yun Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Artemisia Ordosica ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Desert Shrub ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Biophysical Factors

Abstract. Current understanding of acclimation processes in desert-shrub species to drought stress in dryland ecosystems is still incomplete. In this study, we measured sap flow in Artemisia ordosica and associated environmental variables throughout the growing seasons of 2013–2014 (May–September period of each year) to better understand the environmental controls on the temporal dynamics of sap flow. We found that the occurrence of drought in the dry year of 2013 during the leaf-expansion and leaf-expanded periods caused sap flow per leaf area (Js) to decline significantly, resulting in a sizable drop in transpiration. Sap flow per leaf area correlated positively with radiation (Rs), air temperature (T), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), when volumetric soil water content (VWC) was > 0.11 m3 m−3. Diurnal Js was generally ahead of Rs by as much as 6 hours. This lag time, however, decreased with increasing VWC. Relative response of Js to the environmental variables (i.e., Rs, T, and VPD) varied with VWC, Js being more biologically controlled with low decoupling coefficient and thus being less sensitive to the environmental variables during dry periods. According to this study, soil moisture is shown to control sap-flow (and, therefore, plant-transpiration) response in Artemisia ordosica to diurnal variations in biophysical factors. The findings of this study add to the knowledge of acclimation processes in desert-shrub species under drought-associated stress. This knowledge is essential to model desert-shrub-ecosystem functioning under changing climatic conditions.

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