scholarly journals Identifying the Topographic Slope Characteristics Most Preferred By Wild Olive Trees in Al-Bahah Region, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
The West ◽  
Site Suitability ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Topographic Slope ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

The aims of this research were to identify the topographical slope characteristics most preferred by wild olive trees in the Al-Bahah region. This study successfully identified the degree of the slope preferred for wild olive groves. The findings revealed that the majority (72.9%) of wild olive trees in Al-Bahah region occupy slopes of 5–30°. However, the patterns in Qelwa and Al-Mekhwah districts are a bit different where most of the wild olives were found on steeper slopes of 20–40°. This is probably because these sub-regions have a medium to steep slope, descending gradually toward the west, the altitudes ranging from 200 (400) to 2001 and 2200 m west of Al¬-Bahah city and Uwera, and between 2000 and 2100 m west of Baljurashi. The results further depicted that the wild olive with the medium-large crown diameter mostly occupied the gentler slopes of 0–25° compared to those with small crown diameters at steeper slopes of 5–35°. This indicates that the wild olive trees grow better on gentler slopes. These findings can be regarded as theoretically revealing the potential landform suitable for olive plantation. As a basis for olive plantation site suitability, these factors are the essential prerequisites to be considered. However. In addition, it is obvious that site suitability is subject to the temporal dynamics of environmental variables.

scholarly journals Identification of the most preferred topographic elevation characteristics for the wild olive trees in Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
Abdullah Saleh Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Site Suitability ◽  
Elevation Range ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

The aim of this research was to identify the topographical elevation characteristics most preferred by wild olive trees in the Al-Baha region. This study successfully identified the elevation preferred by wild olives. The results show that the majority (81.6%) of wild olives are located at an elevation range of 1,750–2,500m. However, in the Al-Mandaq sub-region, many wild olive trees can also be found at a lower elevation of 1,250–1,500m, while wild olive presence at a higher elevation of 2000–2,500m can be found in the Al-Baha sub-region. It was observed that at a lower elevation of 1500–1750m, most wild olive crown sizes are small, indicating that the wild olive prefers a higher elevation to grow well. These findings can be regarded as theoretically indicating landforms suitable for olive plantation. As a basis for the suitability of olive plantation sites, these topographical characteristics factors are the essential prerequisites. However, it is obvious that site suitability is subject to the temporal dynamics of environmental variables.

scholarly journals Semi-Automatic Method for Early Detection of Xylella fastidiosa in Olive Trees Using UAV Multispectral Imagery and Geostatistical-Discriminant Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Annamaria Castrignanò ◽  
Antonella Belmonte ◽  
Ilaria Antelmi ◽  
Ruggiero Quarto ◽  
Francesco Quarto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Parametric Classification ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Olive Trees

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) is one of the most dangerous plant pathogens in the world. Identified in 2013 in olive trees in south–eastern Italy, it is spreading to the Mediterranean countries. The bacterium is transmitted by insects that feed on sap, and causes rapid wilting in olive trees. The paper explores the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in combination with a multispectral radiometer for early detection of infection. The study was carried out in three olive groves in the Apulia region (Italy) and involved four drone flights from 2017 to 2019. To classify Xfp severity level in olive trees at an early stage, a combined method of geostatistics and discriminant analysis was implemented. The results of cross-validation for the non-parametric classification method were of overall accuracy = 0.69, mean error rate = 0.31, and for the early detection class of accuracy 0.77 and misclassification probability 0.23. The results are promising and encourage the application of UAV technology for the early detection of Xfp infection.

scholarly journals Processing Effect and Characterization of Olive Oils from Spanish Wild Olive Trees (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1304
Author(s):  
Francisco Espínola ◽  
Alfonso M. Vidal ◽  
Juan M. Espínola ◽  
Manuel Moya
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Analytical Point ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

Wild olive trees have important potential, but, to date, the oil from wild olives has not been studied significantly, especially from an analytical point of view. In Spain, the wild olive tree is called “Acebuche” and its fruit “Acebuchina”. The objective of this work is to optimize the olive oil production process from the Acebuchina cultivar and characterize the oil, which could be marketed as healthy and functional food. A Box–Behnken experimental design with five central points was used, along with the Response Surface Methodology to obtain a mathematical experimental model. The oils from the Acebuchina cultivar meet the requirements for human consumption and have a good balance of fatty acids. In addition, the oils are rich in antioxidants and volatile compounds. The highest extraction yield, 12.0 g oil/100 g paste, was obtained at 90.0 min and the highest yield of phenolic compounds, 870.0 mg/kg, was achieved at 40.0 °C, and 90.0 min; but the maximum content of volatile compounds, 26.9 mg/kg, was obtained at 20 °C and 30.0 min. The oil yield is lower than that of commercial cultivars, but the contents of volatile and phenolic compounds is higher.

Patch use and site selection by a rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) in a human-dominated landscape in the West Bank of Palestine

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-573
Author(s):  
Ikram Salah ◽  
Anton Khalilieh ◽  
Burt Kotler
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
The West ◽  
Rock Hyrax ◽  
Patch Use ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Procavia Capensis

AbstractPopulations of rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) increasingly occur in urbanizing areas of the Palestinian West Bank, and throughout the Middle East, in part due to construction methods that create rock piles that shelter hyraxes. We quantified activity densities of the hyraxes, environmental variables, and plant cover at four sites that differ in urbanization. The highest numbers occurred in the most urban site and peaked in June and October, with hyraxes traveling farther distances from their dens late in the season (October). Sites with higher activity densities of hyraxes had higher vapor pressures, signifying more mesic conditions. Thus, urbanization aids the expansion of hyraxes.

scholarly journals Further In Vitro Assessment and Mid-Term Evaluation of Control Strategy of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Olive Groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Tatulli ◽  
Vanessa Modesti ◽  
Nicoletta Pucci ◽  
Valeria Scala ◽  
Alessia L’Aurora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Bacterial Concentration ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
Olive Trees

During recent years; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) has spread in Salento causing relevant damage to the olive groves. Measures to contain the spreading of the pathogen include the monitoring of the areas bordering the so-called “infected” zone and the tree eradication in case of positive detection. In order to provide a control strategy aimed to maintain the tree productivity in the infected areas, we further evaluated the in vitro and in planta mid-term effectiveness of a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex. The compound showed an in vitro bactericidal activity and inhibited the biofilm formation in representative strains of X. fastidiosa subspecies, including Xfp isolated in Apulia from olive trees. The field mid-term evaluation of the control strategy assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in 41 trees of two olive groves of the “infected” area revealed a low concentration of Xfp over the seasons upon the regular spraying of the biocomplex over 3 or 4 consecutive years. In particular, the bacterial concentration lowered in July and October with respect to March, after six consecutive treatments. The trend was not affected by the cultivar and it was similar either in the Xfp-sensitive cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò or in the Xfp-resistant Leccino. Moreover, the scoring of the number of wilted twigs over the seasons confirmed the trend. The efficacy of the treatment in the management of olive groves subjected to a high pathogen pressure is highlighted by the yielded a good oil production

Matronianus, Comes Isauriae: an Inscription from an Early Byzantine Basilica at Yanıkhan, Rough Cilicia

1985 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hill
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
The Road ◽  
Scrub Oak ◽  
The North ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
The Village ◽  
Early Byzantine

The ruins at Yanıkhan form the remains of a Late Roman village in the interior of Rough Cilicia some 8 kilometres inland from the village of Limonlu on the road to Canbazlı (see Fig. 1). The site has not been frequently visited by scholars, and the first certain reference to its existence was made by the late Professor Michael Gough after his visit on 2 September 1959. Yanıkhan is now occupied only by the Yürüks who for years have wintered on the southern slopes of Sandal Dağ. The ancient settlement at Yanıkhan consisted of a village covering several acres. The remains are still extensive, and some, especially the North Basilica, are very well preserved, but there has been considerable disturbance in recent years as stone and rubble have been removed in order to create small arable clearings. The visible remains include many domestic buildings constructed both from polygonal masonry without mortar and from mortar and rubble with coursed smallstone facing. There are several underground cisterns and a range of olive presses. The countryside around the settlement has been terraced for agricultural purposes in antiquity, and is, like the settlement itself, densely covered with scrub oak and wild olive trees. The most impressive remains are those of the two basilical churches which are of little artistic pretension, but considerable architectural interest. The inscription which forms the substance of this article was found on the lintel block of the main west entrance of the South Basilica.

scholarly journals Neofusicoccum mediterraneum Is Involved in a Twig and Branch Dieback of Olive Trees Observed in Salento (Apulia, Italy)

Pathogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Angela Brunetti ◽  
Antonio Matere ◽  
Valentina Lumia ◽  
Vittorio Pasciuta ◽  
Valeria Fusco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Wood Discoloration ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Branch Dieback

Olive trees are infected and damaged by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi in various countries. The botryosphaeriaceous fungus Neofusicoccum mediterraneum is highly aggressive and is a major concern for olive groves in Spain and California (USA), where it causes ‘branch and twig dieback’ characterized by wood discoloration, bark canker, and canopy blight. During surveys of olive groves in Apulia (southern Italy), we noticed that—in some areas—trees were heavily affected by severe branch and twig dieback. In addition, chlorosis and the appearance of red-bronze patches on the leaf preceded the wilting of the foliage, with necrotic leaves persisting on the twigs. Given the severity of the manifestation in zones also subject to olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, we investigated the etiology and provide indications for differentiating the symptoms from OQDS. Isolation from diseased wood samples revealed a mycete, which was morphologically and molecularly identified as N. mediterraneum. The pathogenicity tests clearly showed that this fungus is able to cause the natural symptoms. Therefore, also considering the low number of tested samples, N. mediterraneum is a potential causal agent of the observed disease. Specifically, inoculation of the twigs caused complete wilting in two to three weeks, while inoculation at the base of the stem caused severe girdling wedge-shaped cankers. The growth rate of the fungus in in vitro tests was progressively higher from 10 to 30 °C, failing to grow at higher temperatures, but keeping its viability even after prolonged exposure at 50 °C. The capacity of the isolate to produce catenulate chlamydospores, which is novel for the species, highlights the possibility of a new morphological strain within N. mediterraneum. Further investigations are ongoing to verify whether additional fungal species are involved in this symptomatology.

Coastline Change and Erosion-Accretion Evolution of the Sandwip Island, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 434-447
Author(s):  
Al Emran ◽  
Md. Abdur Rob ◽  
Md. Humayun Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Coastline Change ◽  
The North ◽  
Topographic Slope ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Different Parts

The study tries to analyze the morphological and hydrological changes and to establish their relationship in the Sandwip Island through the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study concludes from the recent 30 years' data that the different parts of the island response different cycle of coastline change associated with hydrological dynamics. The resulted net loss of the coastline is about 6.98 km (0.23 km/y) and the net loss of the coastal area is about 23.99 km2 (0.8 km2/y). The erosion processes (increase in the water depth near shore) were active along the western and the south-western shores. This erosion of the island is facilitated by the steep slope of the bank, high tidal water pressure and loose bank materials. In contrast, the accretions (decrease in the water depth near shore) were taken place in the larger parts of the northern and the north-eastern shores of the island. This is due to the backwash sediment deposition with the favor of gentle topographic slope along shores.

The Corinthian Isthmus and the Isthmian Sanctuary

Antiquity ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 32 (126) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Broneer
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
The West ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Greek Government ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Of Greece

The peloponnesus came so near to being a true island (Island of Pelops) that the neck of land (FIG. I) which joins it to the northern half of the Greek peninsula is less than five miles wide. This became a natural crossroads of the Greek world. Several routes converging on this landbridge connected the Peloponnesus with the rest of Greece. Communications by sea between the east and the west, through the Saronic and the Corinthian Gulfs, were interrupted by the Isthmus, and attempts were made early to pierce or overleap the barrier. The southern sea-lane encircling the Peloponnesus was much longer, and weather conditions made the journey hazardous. For this reason cargoes were unloaded at the two harbours, Kenkreai on the Saronic and Lechaion on the Corinthian Gulf, and carried by land across the Isthmus. Naval vessels, and perhaps the empty freight carriers, were transported over a paved roadway called Diolkos. The western end of this portage has long been recognized on the Peloponnesian side of the Corinth Canal, and recently longer stretches of pavement have been laid bare on both sides of the Canal. The Diolkos here did not run straight but ascended the steep slope in great sweeping curves (FIG. I and PLATE IX (c) ). The pavement has a width of 3-50-5 m. and is made with large poros blocks well fitted together. Two deep ruts, 1-50 m. apart, show that the ships were hauled on wheeled cradles, not on rollers, as was formerly assumed. The excavation, conducted by the Archaeological Service of the Greek Government, is still in progress, and the exact course across the Isthmus will not be known before this work is completed.

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