scholarly journals Isolation and partial characterization of alkylferulate from Entada africana (Guill. & Perr.) stem bark extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
A. Kwaji ◽  
H.M. Adamu ◽  
I.Y. Chindo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Hypolipidemic Agent ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Size Gradient

Investigation of the bioactive constituents of Entada africana crude extract afforded the isolation of alkylferulate. The hexane soluble portion of acetone/methanol (1:1v/v) crude stem bark extract of Entada africana was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel 60 (60-200) mesh size. Gradient column elution yielded an isolate coded AC4 with Rf value of 0.65 in hexane/diethyl ether (3:2). The isolate was characterized using IR, NMR and in comparison with literature data. The analysis of spectroscopic data and literature comparison strongly suggests that AC4 is an alkylferulate; a known hypolipidemic agent in addition to other biological uses. The isolation of alkylferulate partly lays credence to the use of Entada africana in traditional medicine practice.

scholarly journals Crude Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Its Fractions: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 4153-4163
Author(s):  
Sulaiman S. Rukayyah ◽  
Jigam, Audu Ali ◽  
Abubakar Abdulkadir ◽  
Salau, Rasaq Bolakale
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Zanthoxylum Zanthoxyloides ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Malaria is a global problem, as treatment failure has hampered the efficacy of most anti-malarial medications. The goal of this study was to see if stem bark extract from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides had antiplasmodial properties that could be used to treat both susceptible and resistant parasites. The stem bark of Z. zanthoxyloides (500g) was crushed and extracted with ethanol. The extract was tested for antiplasmodial activity in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) strain NF54 and chloroquine-resistant strains (CQR) K1 of P. falciparum, as well as in vivo against the CQS(NK65) strain of P. berghei at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract was performed. The crude extract had an in vitro activity of 1076.4 56.4 and 1315.1 121.6 ng/ml against chloroquine sensitive and resistant parasites, respectively while standard drugs (chloroquine and artesunate) were 10.94 nM (3478.92 ng/ml) and 9.24 nM (3215.52ng/ml) for CQS and 310.68 nM (98796 ng/ml) and 10.94 nM (3650.52 ng/ml) for CQR respectively. At Day 7, mice treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw crude extract had parasite densities of 1159, 928, and 869 parasites/ µl, respectively (compared to positive control that had 123 parasites /µl). In vitro antiplasmodial activity was best in the K2, K4, and K6 fractions (IC50 were 6670, 6890, and 6480 ng/ml), but in vivo antiplasmodial activity was best in the K4 fraction (1183 parasites/ µl).The stem bark extract of Z. zanthoxyloides have remarkable antiplasmodial activity against both chloroquine sensitive and drug resistant P. falciparum supporting it ethnomedicinal use in malaria treatment.The extract of Z. zanthoxyloides has promising antiplasmodial activity and could be used to generate therapeutic leads against the multidrug-resistant K1 strain of P. falciparum, in addition to providing an alternative allopathic antiplasmodial medication.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant Action and GC-FID Analysis of Allanblackia Floribunda Extracts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Irabor ◽  
Osamudiamen Ebohon ◽  
Nekpen Erhunse ◽  
Osariemen Tinu Okugbo ◽  
Ehimwenma Sheena Omoregie
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Vero Cell Line ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Abstract Background: Malaria is a disease that is caused by Plasmodium parasite that has resulted in death of so many persons in the world especially children below 5 years. Plasmodium falciparum is one of the most widespread etiological agent for human malaria and has become increasingly resistant to standard antimalarial drugs. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the in vitro antiplasmodial efficacy and cytotoxicity of Allanbackia floribunda stem bark, leaf and oil. Methods: Trager and Jensen method was used to culture Plasmodium falciparum and maintained in fresh O + human erythrocytes at 3% hematocrit in complete medium (Roswell Park Memorial Institute-RPMI 1640). Mark III test developed by WHO was used to assess the antiplasmodial activity of the plant’s crude extract and fractions against the ring stage of P. falciparum strains Pf3D7. Cytotoxicity was determined against Vero cell line using microculture tetrazolium (MTT). GC-FID was employed to identify bioactive constituents in the most active fraction. Results: The plant extracts showed varied degrees of inhibition of parasitaemia with IC 50Pf3D7 values ranging between 4.0 to 1000 μg/ mL. The methanol stem bark extract of A. floribunda exhibited very active antiplasmodial activity (IC 50Pf3D7 = 4.3 ± 0.17μg / mL), the leaf extract showed active antiplasmodial activity (IC 50Pf3D7 = 8.0 ± 0.28 μg / mL) while the oil extract was inactive against the parasite (IC 50 > 100 μg / mL). Both the leaf and stem bark extracts were found to be non-cytotoxic in contrast to the standard cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin. The selectivity indices (S.I.) of the extracts against the parasites were 13.32 and 8.18 for the stem bark and leaf, respectively. Among the stem bark fractions, dichloromethane (DCM) had the best inhibition against the P. falciparum parasite (DCM IC 50Pf3D7 of 1.51 μg/ mL) and was closely followed by the hydromethanol (HMet) fraction (HMet IC 50Pf3D7 of 5.0 μg/ mL) while that of ethylacetate (EAct) and hexane (Hxn) fractions were almost similar (IC 50 Pf3D7 of 6 and 6.25 μg/ mL, respectively).GC-FID analysis of the most active fraction, DCM, showed high presence antiplasmodial flavonoids (naringenin, luteolin, kaemferor and myricetin) and terpenes (α-pinene and β-caryophyllene) which may have been responsible for the excellent antiplasmodial action of the most active fraction. Conclusion: This investigation confirmed that A. floribunda stem bark has potent activity against P. falciparum and it is relatively safe to normal cell. The antiplasmodial action is credited to the presence of bioactive flavonoids and terpenes that may have acted singly or synergistically.

scholarly journals Cardioprotective Effect of Croton macrostachyus Stem Bark Extract and Solvent Fractions on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken Altaye Ayza ◽  
Rajkapoor Balasubramanian ◽  
Abera Hadgu Berhe
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Croton Macrostachyus ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Context. Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile (Euphorbiaceae) has been used in traditional medicine to manage heart failure and other heart diseases in Ethiopia. Objective. To evaluate the antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of stem bark extract and solvent fractions of Croton macrostachyus on cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods. DPPH free radical scavenging assay method was used to determine antioxidant activity whereas Sprague-Dawley rats were used to evaluate the cardioprotective activity. Except for the normal control, all groups were subjected to cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg, i.p.) toxicity on the first day. Enalapril at 10 mg/kg was used as a reference. The hydromethanolic crude extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions (100 and 200 mg/kg, each) were administered for 10 days. The cardioprotective activities were evaluated using cardiac biomarkers such as Troponin I, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and histopathological studies of heart tissue. Results. Crude extract and ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions exhibited free radical scavenging activities at IC50 of 594 μg/mL, 419 μg/mL, and 716 μg/mL, respectively. Crude extract at 400 mg/kg decreased the levels of troponin, AST, ALT, and ALP to 0.29 ± 0.06 ng/mL, 103.00 ± 7.63 U/L, 99.80 ± 6.18 U/L, and 108.80 ± 8.81 U/L, respectively. In addition, ethyl acetate fraction at 200 mg/kg decreased the levels of troponin, AST, ALT, and ALP to 0.22 ± 0.02 ng/mL, 137.00 ± 14.30 U/L, 90.33 ± 6.13 U/L, and 166.67 ± 13.50 U/L, respectively, compared with the cyclophosphamide control group. Conclusions. Croton macrostachyus possesses cardioprotective activities and it could be a possible source of treatment for cardiotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of Stigmasta-7, 22-dien-3-ol (α-Spinasterol) from Entada africana stem bark crude extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
A. Kwajia ◽  
H.M. Adamub ◽  
I.Y. Chindob
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Bark Sample ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Nmr Data ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation

The phytochemical  investigation of the stem bark extracts of Entada africana led to the isolation and characterization of Stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-ol from the dichloromethane soluble portion of acetone/methanol (1:1v/v) crude extract. The powdered stem bark sample of Entada africana was defatted with hexane and extracted with acetone/methanol (1:1v/v) mixture. The dichloromethane soluble fraction was purified on a low pressure column containing silica gel 60 (60-200 mesh). The purification afforded an isolate coded Enac3 (85 mg) with Rf value of 0.404 in hexane/ethyl acetate (4:1). The isolate was characterized using IR, NMR data and in comparison with literature. Analysis of spectroscopic data and literature comparison suggests Enac3 as stigmasta-7, 22-dien-3-ol. The isolation of stigmasta-7, 22-dien-3-ol from the stem bark of Entada africana suggests the presence of useful bioactive principles which could be exploited for medicinal purposes.

LC-MS-based phytochemical characterization of an antiproliferative Daphne altaica stem bark extract

Planta Medica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kizaibek ◽  
EM Pferschy-Wenzig ◽  
N Kretschmer ◽  
M Hamburger ◽  
R Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

scholarly journals Anticonvulsant actions of ethanol stem bark extract of Trichilia roka (Meliaceae) in mice and chicks

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-234
Author(s):  
Kamaluddeen Garba ◽  
◽  
Abdullahi Yaro Hamza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anticonvulsant Activity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Maximal Electroshock ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Significant Prolongation ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sizeable Number

The current antiseizure drugs present with side effects, some of which can lead to discontinuation of epilepsy pharmacotherapy, and a sizeable number of other drugs being less efficacious. Medicinal plants are used for the treatment of epilepsy in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark extract of Trichilia roka in mice and chicks. Anticonvulsant screening was carried using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), strychnine (STN) and picrotoxin (PCT) induced seizures while Maximal electroshock (MEST) test in day old chicks. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out on the extract using conventional protocols. The LD50 was determined in mice. The intraperitoneal LD50 was calculated to be 118.32 mg/kg in mice. Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones and steroids were found to be present. Significant (p≤0.05) prolongation of the mean onset of seizures was recorded with Trichilia roka (15 and 30 mg/kg) compared with normal saline treated groups in PTZ induced seizures. Trichilia roka at all the doses tested did not significantly reduce the mean recovery time of seizures induced by MEST. The extract at 7.5 and 15 mg/kg prolonged the latency of convulsion induced by STN. The extract failed to show significant prolongation of the latency of seizures induced by picrotoxin. It can then be inferred, that Trichilia roka contained bioactive constituents that are beneficial in petit mal epilepsy and justify their use in Traditional Medicine.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antimalarial Activity of the 80% Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Combretum molle Against Plasmodium berghei in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 2515690X1989086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafere Mulaw ◽  
Muluken Wubetu ◽  
Bekalu Dessie ◽  
Gebreselassie Demeke ◽  
Yalew Molla
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Combretum Molle ◽  
Group I ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Background. People are dependent on the traditional use of medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria without scientific validations. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial activity of methanolic stem bark extract of Combretum molle in mice. Methods. After being infected with Plasmodium berghei, the mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 5). In all cases, group I mice were treated as negative control and received 3% Tween 80; group II mice were treated with 25 mg/kg chloroquine; and groups III, IV, and V mice were treated with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of crude extract, respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis. Results. In the chemosuppressive test, the parasitic suppression effect of the crude extract was found to be significant ( P < 0.05) as compared with the negative control. In the curative experiment, the average parasitic level of those mice treated by the 3 doses of the crude extract was significantly suppressed at days 5, 6, and 7 of treatment ( P < 0.001). Besides, the crude extract had been found to have a chemoprophylactic role as it inhibited the parasite level significantly relative to the negative control ( P < 0.001). Moreover, the crude extract had preventive effects on packed cell volume reduction in the 3 tests ( P < 0.001). Conclusions. The findings of the present study has supported the folklore use of the leaves of Combretum molle in the treatment of malaria. Therefore, further fractionation and characterization of the crude extract is necessary to identify the responsible lead compound(s) responsible for antiplasmodial activity.

scholarly journals Characterization of pharmacological properties of methanolic seed and stem bark extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana (BAU Kul) using in-vitro and in-vivo animal (Swiss albino male mice) model

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Khokon Miah Akanda ◽  
A. H. M. Nazmul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Bark ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Ziziphus Mauritiana ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Abstract Background Ziziphus mauritiana belongs to family of Rhamnaceae, is an improved fast-growing variety of plum and seasonal fruit which is very popular and commonly known as “BAU Kul” in Bangladesh. This study was designed to evaluate the medicinal values of seed and stem bark extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana. Methods Antioxidant, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were characterized using in-vitro methods and anti-diarrheal, analgesic and hypoglycemic activities were evaluated in Swiss albino male mice. The coarse powder of the plant parts were extracted with methanol and methanol portion of the extract was evaporated naturally under room temperature. Then the dried plant extracts were undergone for subsequent investigation. Results Total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of stem bark extract were higher than seed extract. Both extracts had similar DPPH (IC50 of seed 4.53 μg/ml and stem bark 4.13 μg/ml) and NO (IC50 of seed 5.92 μg/ml and stem bark 5.47 μg/ml) free radicals scavenging potential and seed extract was most cytotoxic (LC50 = 1.467 μg/ml). Stem bark extract showed higher thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory potential, and also exhibited 14 mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus. Stem bark extract showed highest anti-diarrheal (75.68% defecation inhibition, p˂ 0.001), analgesic (68.63%writhing inhibition, p˂0.001) and hypoglycemic activity (44.27% blood glucose reduction after 3 h, p˂0.001) at 400 mg/kg body weight dose. Conclusion This study confirms good medicinal properties of selected plant parts. Further studies on isolation and characterization of its bioactive compounds are highly required.

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