Temporality across the Life-Span

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cameron ◽  
K. G. Desai ◽  
Darius Bahador ◽  
G. Dremel
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cross National

In seven studies, 7300 U. S., 891 Iranian, 534 Indian, and 216 Ghanaese persons aged four to ninety-nine were interviewed regarding their consciousness. For U. S. nationals: (a) at any given moment, persons were most apt to be thinking about the present and least apt to be thinking about the past, (b) frequency of future-orientation declined while, (c) frequency of present-orientation inclined with age, (d) in “typical thought” persons generally thought further into the future (a few months) than into the past (a few weeks), but (e) regarding those things that persons often think about that have or are yet to occur, they thought further into the past (5 years) than into the future (a year), (f) frequency of future-orientation did not vary as a function of social class, while degree of claimed planfulness was greater among the higher social class, and (g) claimed planfulness was curvilinearily related to age, with those aged eighteen through thirty-nine scoring highest. There were cross-national differences.

scholarly journals THE DEPENDENCE OF THE APPEARANCE OF CERTAIN TYPES OF BUILDINGS FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF EXISTENCE OF SOCIETIES(with the examplesof historical and architectural processes that have taken and are taking place on the territory of Ukraine)

2020 ◽  
pp. 178-188
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Denysenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Design Ideas

For a better understanding of architectural processes taking place today in-depth analysis and search of useful achievements the creation of objects of material culture of the past and their introduction in our days, for successful attempts to predict thecourse of history, civilization, society, urban planning, architecture, art, required a comprehensive analysis of factors of influence on the specified development, which took place in the historical past, takes place in our time can take place in the future. Our time of the domination of ideology of enrichment, the actual service utilizing architecture and design ideas for the commercial benefit of certain customers, leads to losses of valuable historical material heritage, leads to the creation of objects of material culture that are not only useful, but often very dangerous both for people and for the environment. For a better understanding of why such processes are characteristic of our time than were the differences in the approaches to urban, architectural and other design industries in the past, will change, and what to expect and strive for in the future, need to better understand the influence of society on the features of formation of certain types of buildings and structures in certain times and certain States.The article examines the impact previously identified by the author types of companies, classified according to the principles of their existence on processes of emergence and dominance of certain types of buildings and structures (on the example of the development of societies and States located on the territory of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs on the territory of modern Ukraine, which are quite revealing to illustrate the viability of the concept). Although even a superficial analysisof the development of societies in other European countries also points to the similarity of historical and architectural processes that had and have a place (with certain national differences) and confirm the validity of the proposed concept.Distinguishing in previous works four basic types of necessities of people and functions of society, and also four types of principles of existence of society, the author proposes to use four types of society, according to main principles of their existence.An author considers that for the names of the marked types of societies it is better to use the names of the Indian castes. Therefore exactly the names of the Indian castes better than the names of public classes represent principles of existence and ideology bothseparate groups people and separate societies.

scholarly journals One union, different futures? Public preferences for the EU's future and their explanations in 10 EU countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 146511652110341
Author(s):  
Andreas C Goldberg ◽  
Erika J van Elsas ◽  
Claes H de Vreese
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Differences ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Cross National

Most studies of public opinion towards the European Union focus on attitudes regarding the past and present of the European Union. This study fills a gap by addressing attitudes towards the European Union's future. We expand on a recently developed approach measuring preferences for eight concrete future European Union scenarios that represent the ongoing political and public debate, employing original survey data collected in 2019 in 10 European Union countries. We assess cross-national differences in the distribution of future European Union preferences, as well as in citizens’ motivations to prefer different variants of Europe in the future. The findings show citizens’ fine-grained future European Union preferences, which are meaningfully related to common explanations of European Union support. We also find cross-national differences linked to countries’ structural position within the European Union.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Social Mobility and Self-Rated Health in Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Präg ◽  
Alexi Gugushvili
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
Cross National

Occupational class and health are closely linked, however the health consequences of intergenerational social class mobility have not yet been systematically explored. A long tradition of research on individuals’ class mobility and health reports mixed or no effects, however cross-national differences have rarely been tested comprehensively. Further, recent studies show that intergenerational social class mobility at the societal level is beneficial for population health. Using representative survey data from 30 European countries (N = 159,591), we present the first study to investigate the role that intergenerational class mobility both at the individual and societal level play for self-rated health. We find that, apart from four post-communist countries, neither downward nor upward mobility is significantly and systematically related to poor self-rated health. There is also no association between societal-level social mobility and the prevalence of poor self-rated health across the 30 societies. Results are robust to alternative specifications and suggest that individuals’ own social class and partially their parents’ social class are primary explanations of health rather than their mobility experiences between origins and destinations.

scholarly journals The future orientation of culture and the memory of the past in the making of history

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 361-379
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Hałas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Communicative Action ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Symbolic Politics ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Memory Time ◽  
Cultural Texts

The article describes the semiotic approach developed by Boris Uspenskij to study the historical process. Uspenskij’s semiotics of history is integrally bound with the Tartu-Moscow School’s programme of cultural semiotics and is rooted in the fundamental premises of that programme, which he helped to shape. These premises contain a complex ontology of culture, encompassing three levels: cultural memory, sets of cultural texts, and semiotic systems, which model both the image of the world and programmes of action. Uspenskij’s analytical model of semiotics of history highlights the pragmatic aspect of the process of historical communication: the agency of its participants as carriers of culture and sign users. This article presents the role of reflexivity in the historical process, associated with reconstruction of the meaning of the past and prospective shaping of the future. Making history means constantly renewing the narrative about past events, which determines the future course of history in the present. Uspenskij presents opposite cultural tendencies in the historical process, associated with different types of semiosis, as symbolic conflicts. The article shows the role of symbolism and symbolic politics in the processes of making history in the model of semiotics of history. This model makes it possible to link together research on cultural memory, time, communicative action and symbolism.

scholarly journals Time Perspective, Hope and Self-Regulation among Preparatory Year University Students: Exploring the Connections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Iman Osman Mukhtar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Future Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Positive Time ◽  
Preparatory Year

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between time perspective, hope and self-regulation among foundation year students at a Malaysian public university. A survey questionnaire on the three constructs was completed by 118 Malay students aged between 18 to 21. The findings showed a significant positive correlation between the future time perspective and self-regulation (r = 0.251, p = 0.007). However, the association is a weak one. Likewise, a significant relationship was found between hope and two of the temporal orientations, i.e., the future orientation (r = 0.399, p = 0.001) and the past positive at r = 0.271, p = 0.003., which is also considered a weak relationship. However, no significant association was observed between the past positive time perspective and students’ self-regulation. On the contrary, the past negative and present-fatalistic time orientations have a significant negative relation with hope at r = - 0.308, p = 0.001 and r = - 0.207, p = 0.028, respectively. A similar result was obtained for the association between self-regulation and the PN orientation at r = - 0.290, p = 0.002. It was also found that hope and students’ self-regulation are strongly correlated (r = 0.268, p = 0.004). In essence, the results imply that students with a high future time orientation are likely to have high levels of hope and self-regulation. Therefore, time perspective, especially the future orientation, and self-regulation skills could be important intervention factors for addressing students’ academic obstacles. The findings of this study are beneficial for counselors, educators, and supervisors in designing intervention programs to help students become more positive and optimistic individuals.

Clash of civilizations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-428
Author(s):  
IVAN T. BEREND
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fault Lines

There have been numerous fault-lines in society in the past due to religion, race, social class and nation. Current fault-lines relate to demography: the West has a falling population whereas many countries elsewhere in the world are undergoing large population growth; net emigration has been replaced by immigration. The previous Western dominance in economic activity has also changed and the balance has moved east. These and other factors are considered as pointers to the future.

La costruzione europea e la questione tedesca nell'opera di Norbert Elias

2012 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Adele Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Norbert Elias ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cultural Entity

In reviewing the work of Norbert Elias, this essay on one hand examines the way he represented building Europe as a geo-political and cultural entity, and on the other extracts elements that may help understand the present evolution of the European structure. According to Elias, building Europe was a social phenomenon that, psychologically, conformed and minimized national differences creating a European cultural identity; sociologically, the territorial matters and political-institutional conformations of the European continent became particularly relevant. In this context, Germany's position appears to be continuously defined: in the past, as a historic and political entity. Today and for the future of Europe, is it in terms of an economic, financial and productive center, as attested by the debate regarding the future of the Euro and the European Union, that has been ongoing since the economic crisis started in 2007.

III. Review of the Past, Focus for the Future

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Frederick G. Brown
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
The Future
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