Inequalities in Health and Disease: The Case of Mortality Rates for the City of Johannesburg, South Africa, 1910–1979

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beryl Unterhalter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

This article analyzes crude death and infant mortality rates for the different population groups in Johannesburg, the largest city in the Republic of South Africa. The analysis is based on official statistics collected by the Department of Health between 1910 and 1979. Over this period, death rates have declined for white, black, Colored, and Asian citizens. However, the present situation reflects the gross inequalities in the health status of the different population groups in South Africa, a country where disease patterns and access to medical resources are as stratified as any other index of social class.

scholarly journals A Spatial Analysis of Tuberculosis Related Mortality in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11865
Author(s):  
Dan Kibuuka ◽  
Charles Mpofu ◽  
Penny Neave ◽  
Samuel Manda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
The South ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Death Rates

Background: South Africa, with an estimated annual tuberculosis (TB) incidence of 360,000 cases in 2019, remains one of the countries with the largest burden of TB in the world. The identification of highly burdened TB areas could support public health policy planners to optimally target resources and TB control and prevention interventions. Objective: To investigate the spatial epidemiology and distribution of TB mortality in South Africa in 2010 and its association with area-level poverty and HIV burden. Methods: The study analysed a total of 776,176 TB deaths for the period 2005–2015. Local and global and spatial clustering of TB death rates were investigated by Global and Local Moran’s Indices methods (Moran’s I). The spatial regression analysis was employed to assess the effect of poverty and HIV on TB mortality rates. Results: There was a significant decrease in TB mortality rate, from 179 per 100,000 population in 2005 to 60 per 100,000 population in 2015. The annual TB mortality rate was higher among males (161.5 per 100,000 male population; (95% confidence interval (CI) 132.9, 190.0) than among females (123.2 per 100,000 female population; (95% CI 95.6, 150.8)). The 35–44 age group experienced higher TB mortality rates, regardless of gender and time. Hot spot clusters of TB mortality were found in the South-Eastern parts of the country, whereas cold spot clusters were largely in the north-eastern parts. Tuberculosis death rates were positively associated with poverty, as measured by the South African Multidimension Poverty Index (SAMPI) as well TB death rates in the neighbouring districts. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed a statistically significant decrease in TB deaths and a disproportionate distribution of TB deaths among certain areas and population groups in South Africa. The existence of the identified inequalities in the burden of TB deaths calls for targeted public health interventions, policies, and resources to be directed towards the most vulnerable populations in South Africa.

scholarly journals Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends by Sex and Population Group in South Africa: 2002-2014.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lactatia Matsie Motsuku ◽  
Wenlong Carl Chen ◽  
Mazvita Molleen Muchengeti ◽  
Tamlyn Mac Quene ◽  
Patricia Kellett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract BackgroundSouth Africa (SA) has experienced a rapid transition in the Human Development Index (HDI) over the past decade, which had an effect on the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to provide CRC incidence and mortality trends by population group and sex in SA from 2002 to 2014.MethodsIncidence data were extracted from the South African National Cancer Registry and mortality data obtained from Statistics South Africa (STATS SA), for the period 2002 to 2014. Age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) and age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated using the STATS SA mid-year population as the denominator and the Segi world standard population data for standardisation. A Joinpoint regression analysis was computed for the CRC ASIR and ASMR by population group and sex.ResultsA total of 33,232 incident CRC cases and 26,836 CRC deaths were reported during the study period. Of the CRC cases reported, 54% were males and 46% were females, and among deaths reported, 47% were males and 53% were females. Overall, there was a 2.5% annual average percentage change (AAPC) increase in ASIR from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.6- 4.5, p-value <0.001). For ASMR overall, there was 1.3% increase from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.1- 2.6, p-value <0.001). The ASIR and ASMR among population groups were stable, with the exception of the Black population group. The ASIR increased consistently at 4.3% for black males (95% CI: 1.9- 6.7, p-value <0.001) and 3.4% for black females (95% CI: 1.5- 5.3, p-value <0.001) from 2002 to 2014, respectively. Similarly, ASMR for black males and females increased by 4.2% (95% CI: 2.0- 6.5, p-value <0.001) and 3.4% (, 95%CI: 2.0- 4.8, p-value <0.01) from 2002 to 2014, respectively.ConclusionsThe disparities in the CRC incidence and mortality trends may reflect socioeconomic inequalities across different population groups in SA. The rapid increase in CRC trends among the Black population group is concerning and requires further investigation and increased efforts for cancer prevention, early screening and diagnosis, as well as better access to cancer treatment.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in the City and Province of Torino

1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Colombo ◽  
Sabina Rendine ◽  
Roberto Zanetti
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Breast Cancer Death ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The City ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Between 1950–54 and 1970–74 the mortality rates from breast cancer showed a 35 % increase in Italy. In the city of Torino, an increase occurred between 1950–54 and 1960–64 but not in the following 10-year period. These trends were confirmed by the analysis of rates by cohorts of birth. In the province of Torino, between 1960–64 and 1970–74 the increase in breast cancer death rates was far lower than in the other provinces of Piedmont. It is suggested that the peculiar patterns in the city and in the province of Torino reflect qualitative changes of lifestyle brought about by the conspicous immigration from southern Italy during the sixties.

A Comparison Between Selected Noncommunicable Disease Mortality Rates Between 2010 and 2016 Among Selected Southern African Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ellapen ◽  
M. Barnard ◽  
G. L. Strydom ◽  
K. M. Masime ◽  
Y. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Disease Mortality

Researchers have identified cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases as being the principal pathologies of increased aged standardized death rates (ASDRs) among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of this study was to compare the change in the ASDR of these principal NCDs between the years 2010 and 2016 in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. ASDR data were collected from the 2016 Global Health Estimate. Among the selected Southern African countries for both 2010 and 2016, the order of prevalence of NCDs linked to increased ASDR was cardiovascular diseases (both cardiac and stroke), cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic respiratory diseases. The percentage of the total number of NCDs linked to increased ASDR in relation to total deaths increased from 43.8% (in 2010) to 51.0% (in 2016) from ( p < .0001). The percentage of principal NCDs in relation to total ASDR increased from 33.0% (in 2010) to 38.2% (in 2016; p < .0001).

scholarly journals The community health nurse in school health services

Curationis ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Snyman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Community Health ◽  
School Health ◽  
School Health Service ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Health Nurse ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Community Health Nurse

The Department of Health. Welfare and Pensions is responsible for rendering a school health service to Black, Coloured and Indian scholars in the Republic of South Africa.

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY AMONG CATHOLICS AND LUTHERANS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY POZNAŃ

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAŻYNA LICZBIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The City ◽  
Infants And Young Children

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to show the differences in the mortality rates of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań, and to elucidate the causes of these differences. Data from Catholic and Lutheran parish death registers were used. The infant death rate (IDR), neonatal and postneonatal death rates and life table biometric functions were calculated and causes of deaths were characterized. The worst child mortality values (IDR=394.4; neonatal and postneonatal death rates, respectively, 117.1 and 277.4; e0=16.14 years; Crow's Index=2.47) were obtained for the poor Catholic Parish of St Margaret. The lowest infant and neonatal and postneonatal death rates were observed to have occurred in the Catholic Parish of St Maria Magdalena situated in the city's more affluent central area (mortality rates, respectively, 269.9, 93.1 and 176.9; e0=24.63 years; Crow's Index=0.96). The widest range of differences with regard to death rates was found for the Lutheran Parish of St Cross (the infant, neonatal and postneonatal death rates were, respectively, 293.1, 99.1 and 193.9; e0=28.03 years; Crow's Index=0.92). The St Cross Parish encompassed a fairly large area of the city characterized by varying ecological conditions. Among infants and young children from the three studied populations a high frequency of deaths due to infectious diseases, diarrhoeas, dysenteries and tuberculosis were observed. Differences in the mortality of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań resulted from ecological conditions, among which water played the most important role, rather than from religious differences.

scholarly journals Municipal Instruments in Law for Cultural Heritage Protection: A Case Study of the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Rochine Melandri Steenkamp
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

This article questions the extent to which municipal bylaws aimed at cultural heritage resource management (CHRM) reflect the objectives of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution), national legislation and the discourse on cultural governance more broadly. In terms of Schedule 4A of the Constitution, the function of "cultural matters" is not an original power of local government.  It is a function assigned to the national and provincial spheres. Municipalities are assumed, however, to have a responsibility to execute aspects of this function that may be incidental to other typical local government functions. This view finds support in the interpretation of various rights in the Constitution (e.g. sections 15, 30, 31 and 24) as well as the heritage, environmental and local government framework legislation and policy documents of South Africa. The premise of this article is that cultural heritage resource management by way of instruments such as bylaws promotes the overarching objectives of local government, such as sustainable development, while also promoting the rights to culture, language and religion, amongst others. To expand on its theoretical basis, this article provides a critical assessment of the bylaws of the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality

Global Town to Town Relations: An Exploratory Study of the City of Tshwane in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1034-1041
Author(s):  
John Ntshaupe Molepo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Role Players ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 describes its government as national, provincial and local sphere which are distinctive, interdepend and interrelated. The national and provincial government, by legislative and other measures must support and strengthen the capacity of the municipalities (Local Government) to manage their affairs, to exercise power and to perform their functions. Towns across the world make relationships with other towns. International relation is a complex field, its practice and scope involves numerous role players whether in government or non-governmental organizations. City of Tshwane is like other towns which seek investment opportunities for its citizens. City of Tshwane has several relations with different countries. The paper seeks to examine the impact of the relations, whether they are beneficial for the city or not. For the purpose of this paper, the study used qualitative research approach. The views and opinions of the officials were directly and indirectly captured by means of interviews and observations. The study adopted the use of data triangulation approach.

scholarly journals The Regulations relating to Foodstuffs for Infants and Young Children (R 991): A Formula for the Promotion of Breastfeeding or Censorship of Commercial Speech?

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Lize Mills
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Young Children ◽  
South African ◽  
Commercial Speech ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right ◽  
Advertising And Promotion

The regulation of commercial speech in the interests of public health is an issue which recently has become the topic of numerous debates. Two examples of such governmental regulation are the subjects of discussion in this article, namely the prohibition on the advertising and promotion of tobacco products, as well as the proposed prohibition on the advertising and promotion of infant formulae and other foods and products marketed as being suitable for infants or young children. The article seek to evaluate the recently proposed regulations published in terms of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act in the light of the reasoning by the Supreme Court of Appeal in the British American Tobacco South Africa (Pty) Limited v Minister of Health 463/2011) [2012] ZASCA 107 (20 June 2012) decision, and in particular in terms of the section 36 test of reasonableness and proportionality found in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It argues that, although the South African Department of Health must be applauded for its attempt at improving public health in the country, some of the provisions of the proposed regulations are not constitutionally sound. It will be contended that, despite the fact that the promotion of breastfeeding is a laudable goal, the introduction only of measures which restrict the right to advertise these types of products will not necessarily achieve this objective.

scholarly journals Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality trends by sex and population group in South Africa: 2002–2014

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lactatia Motsuku ◽  
Wenlong Carl Chen ◽  
Mazvita Molleen Muchengeti ◽  
Megan Naidoo ◽  
Tamlyn Mac Quene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background South Africa (SA) has experienced a rapid transition in the Human Development Index (HDI) over the past decade, which had an effect on the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to provide CRC incidence and mortality trends by population group and sex in SA from 2002 to 2014. Methods Incidence data were extracted from the South African National Cancer Registry and mortality data obtained from Statistics South Africa (STATS SA), for the period 2002 to 2014. Age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) and age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated using the STATS SA mid-year population as the denominator and the Segi world standard population data for standardisation. A Joinpoint regression analysis was computed for the CRC ASIR and ASMR by population group and sex. Results A total of 33,232 incident CRC cases and 26,836 CRC deaths were reported during the study period. Of the CRC cases reported, 54% were males and 46% were females, and among deaths reported, 47% were males and 53% were females. Overall, there was a 2.5% annual average percentage change (AAPC) increase in ASIR from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.6–4.5, p-value < 0.001). For ASMR overall, there was 1.3% increase from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.1–2.6, p-value < 0.001). The ASIR and ASMR among population groups were stable, with the exception of the Black population group. The ASIR increased consistently at 4.3% for black males (95% CI: 1.9–6.7, p-value < 0.001) and 3.4% for black females (95% CI: 1.5–5.3, p-value < 0.001) from 2002 to 2014, respectively. Similarly, ASMR for black males and females increased by 4.2% (95% CI: 2.0–6.5, p-value < 0.001) and 3.4% (, 95%CI: 2.0–4.8, p-value < 0.01) from 2002 to 2014, respectively. Conclusions The disparities in the CRC incidence and mortality trends may reflect socioeconomic inequalities across different population groups in SA. The rapid increase in CRC trends among the Black population group is concerning and requires further investigation and increased efforts for cancer prevention, early screening and diagnosis, as well as better access to cancer treatment.

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