INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY AMONG CATHOLICS AND LUTHERANS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY POZNAŃ

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAŻYNA LICZBIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The City ◽  
Infants And Young Children

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to show the differences in the mortality rates of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań, and to elucidate the causes of these differences. Data from Catholic and Lutheran parish death registers were used. The infant death rate (IDR), neonatal and postneonatal death rates and life table biometric functions were calculated and causes of deaths were characterized. The worst child mortality values (IDR=394.4; neonatal and postneonatal death rates, respectively, 117.1 and 277.4; e0=16.14 years; Crow's Index=2.47) were obtained for the poor Catholic Parish of St Margaret. The lowest infant and neonatal and postneonatal death rates were observed to have occurred in the Catholic Parish of St Maria Magdalena situated in the city's more affluent central area (mortality rates, respectively, 269.9, 93.1 and 176.9; e0=24.63 years; Crow's Index=0.96). The widest range of differences with regard to death rates was found for the Lutheran Parish of St Cross (the infant, neonatal and postneonatal death rates were, respectively, 293.1, 99.1 and 193.9; e0=28.03 years; Crow's Index=0.92). The St Cross Parish encompassed a fairly large area of the city characterized by varying ecological conditions. Among infants and young children from the three studied populations a high frequency of deaths due to infectious diseases, diarrhoeas, dysenteries and tuberculosis were observed. Differences in the mortality of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań resulted from ecological conditions, among which water played the most important role, rather than from religious differences.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in the City and Province of Torino

1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Colombo ◽  
Sabina Rendine ◽  
Roberto Zanetti
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Breast Cancer Death ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The City ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Between 1950–54 and 1970–74 the mortality rates from breast cancer showed a 35 % increase in Italy. In the city of Torino, an increase occurred between 1950–54 and 1960–64 but not in the following 10-year period. These trends were confirmed by the analysis of rates by cohorts of birth. In the province of Torino, between 1960–64 and 1970–74 the increase in breast cancer death rates was far lower than in the other provinces of Piedmont. It is suggested that the peculiar patterns in the city and in the province of Torino reflect qualitative changes of lifestyle brought about by the conspicous immigration from southern Italy during the sixties.

scholarly journals Cholera and typhoid fever in 19th-century Bielitzer Zion

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Wrębiak
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Villages

Cholera and typhoid fever in 19th-centuryBielitzer ZionThis study outlines an analysis of selected anthropo-demographic data ofDer Bielitzer Zionpopulation from parish registers and historical sources. The analysis focuses on three epidemics: cholera (two) and typhoid fever (one) which took place in mid-19th century in Bielitz. The aim of this paper is to explore the demographic structure of the fatalities due to the epidemics and to propose possible causes of any variations. Analysis shows the divergence in the age structure of deceased parishioners between the normal and epidemic years. Also, similar outbreaks of infection but of different pathogenesis could lead to observable discrepancies in the overall demographics of the deceased. In the case of cholera: more fatal cases were seen in the city, a higher frequency of deaths occurred in Bielitz females, the disease occurred only in the warm months and the outbreaks were of short duration. For typhoid fever: more fatal cases were seen in the peri-urban villages, a higher frequency of deaths occurred in the female of the peri-urban villages and the outbreak was of long duration. Frequencies and mortality rates of the above causes of death were compared with younger, more advanced populations. The similarities between these groups suggest a high socio-economical status ofBielitzer Zion.

scholarly journals Female fatality due to cholera was higher than male. Studies of four cholera epidemics in the Poznań Province in the second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazyna Liczbinska ◽  
Miroslav Králík
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Males and females differ in terms of patterns of morbidity and mortality resulting from diseases. It has been tested whether cholera epidemics killed selectively by sex in historical populations. Four cholera epidemics in the Poznań Province: 1852, 1855, 1866, and 1873 have been studied. Data have been derived from death registers of the selected parishes located on the territory of the Poznań Province. In total, the information about 34, 655 individual cases, with the causes of deaths recognized, has been used, encompassing 18,243 males and 16,325 females. More females than males died in the periods of cholera epidemics than in non- epidemic ones. The values of sex ratio at death from cholera (SRDCh) during the earlier epidemics (1852, 1855) and later epidemics (1866, 1873) were 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. A significant variances in the sex ratio at death (SRD) have been observed between the cholera epidemics periods (SRD=0.89) and non-epidemic periods (SRD=1.13) in Poznań. The gender-specific cholera death rates could have been related to the division of social roles between women and men. Women more frequently than men had contact with contaminated water, e.g. when preparing and cooking meals, feeding, caring for and washing children and caring for sick family members.

Inequalities in Health and Disease: The Case of Mortality Rates for the City of Johannesburg, South Africa, 1910–1979

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beryl Unterhalter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

This article analyzes crude death and infant mortality rates for the different population groups in Johannesburg, the largest city in the Republic of South Africa. The analysis is based on official statistics collected by the Department of Health between 1910 and 1979. Over this period, death rates have declined for white, black, Colored, and Asian citizens. However, the present situation reflects the gross inequalities in the health status of the different population groups in South Africa, a country where disease patterns and access to medical resources are as stratified as any other index of social class.

The Colony of Medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-258
Author(s):  
John Parker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Attitudes Towards Death ◽  
Denial Of Death ◽  
Infants And Young Children

This chapter looks into Ghana's significant change which affected the whole of Africa: the continent's population had begun to increase dramatically by the middle of the twentieth century. The chapter shows the demographic historians' arguments over the reason for this, some pointing to rising birth rates and others to falling death rates. While available evidence suggests that in most regions women's fertility levels remained broadly the same over the first half of the century, there are indications of an accelerating decline in mortality rates, particularly among infants and young children. Yet the overall impact is clear: Africans were, on average, living longer and dying older. The chapter turns to discuss a crucial factor in the increasing denial of death: modern medicine. As individual life expectancy and the overall population in the Gold Coast begun to increase dramatically, the chapter examines how these changes impacted upon attitudes towards death and upon the experience of dying.

Museum Preserves in the Sphere of “Cultural Tourism”: Through the Example of the Cultural Preserves of Tatarstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Lyudmila S. Timofeeva ◽  
Albina R. Akhmetova ◽  
Liliya R. Galimzyanova ◽  
Roman R. Nizaev ◽  
Svetlana E. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract The article studies the existence experience of historical cities as centers of tourism development as in the case of Elabuga. The city of Elabuga is among the historical cities of Russia. The major role in the development of the city as a tourist center is played by the Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The object of the research in the article is Elabuga as a medium-size historical city. The subject of the research is the activity of the museum-reserve which contributes to the preservation and development of the historical look of Elabuga and increases its attractiveness to tourists. The tourism attractiveness of Elabuga is obtained primarily through the presence of the perfectly preserved historical center of the city with the blocks of integral buildings of the 19th century. The Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, which emerged in 1989, is currently an object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance. Museum-reserves with their significant territories and rich historical, cultural and natural heritage have unique resources for the implementation of large partnership projects. Such projects are not only aimed at attracting a wide range of tourists, but also stimulate interest in the reserve from the business elite, municipal and regional authorities. The most famous example is the Spasskaya Fair which revived in 2008 in Elabuga. It was held in the city since the second half of the 19th century, and was widely known throughout Russia. The process of the revival and successful development of the fair can be viewed as the creation of a special tourist event contributing to the formation of new and currently important tourism products.

scholarly journals Current Condition of Pannonic Salt Steppes at Their Distribution Limit: What Do Indicator Species Reveal about Habitat Quality?

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Zuzana Dítě ◽  
Róbert Šuvada ◽  
Tibor Tóth ◽  
Pavol Eliáš Jun ◽  
Vladimír Píš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Central Area ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Typical Habitat ◽  
Priority Habitat

Little is known about the suite of ecological conditions under which characteristic species may continue to develop under the pressure of recent habitat deterioration. We aimed to determine the niche of three indicator species of the priority habitat Pannonic salt steppes and to find out how their vegetation composition, land use, and soil chemistry mirror the current condition of their typical habitat. A plot-based vegetation survey was conducted in degraded and in pristine (reference) inland salt steppes in East-Central Europe. We confirmed decreased habitat quality at their northern geographical limit. Most of the sites there showed a strong prevalence of generalists (e.g., Elytrigia repens) and lack of specialists, both resulting from lowered habitat extremity and inappropriate land use (abandonment). A small proportion of plots (19%) were in the same good condition as the reference vegetation in the central area. Soil analyses revealed that the studied halophytes are able to persist on desalinized soils if the land use is suitable. The occurrence of the annual Camphorosma annua (Amaranthaceae) was driven largely by abiotic stress; grazing alone is insufficient for its long-term persistence, while the perennial Artemisia santonicum (Asteraceae) and Tripolium pannonicum (Asteraceae) have higher survival chances as they are able to coexist with generalists. Overall habitat quality can be reliably determined from the analyzed ecological conditions of indicator species. The outcomes of the presented work are relevant for conservation practice and can serve as a quick tool for assessing the current stage of other grassland habitats.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Latin America: a first glance to the mortality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubia Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries

It is too early to know which will be the final death toll from the Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemy in Latin America since the epidemy is still active and we will not know when it will end. The curve for new infections and deaths has not reached yet a peak (Figure 1). In addition, we know little about the epidemiology of this new virus. The daily litany of the number of people infected with the number of admissions to hospitals and intensive care units and the number of deaths guides health authorities to plan health services and politicians to gauge the degree of confinement necessary to control the transmission of the virus, but it says little about the magnitude of the problem if we do not relate it to the population at risk. At the end of the pandemic, we will be able to estimate age-standardized death rates for the different countries, but until then the crude death rates will provide a first glance or snapshot of the death toll and impact of the pandemic from March to May 2020. These rates are well below those estimated in other countries in Europe and North America: Belgium (82.6), Spain (58.0), the United Kingdom (57.5), Italy (55.0), France (42.9), Sweden (41.4), and the US (30.7). (Johns Hopkins CSSE, May 30, 2020). However, in the European countries and the US the number of deaths has reached a peak, while this is not the case in Latin American countries. (Figure 1). It should be taken into account that the above rates are crude and therefore, some of the differences could be due to the fact that European countries have a larger proportion of the population over 70 years of age in whom higher mortality rates have been reported.

The recent trend of mortality in Great Britain

1981 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-422
Author(s):  
C. D. Daykin
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Annual Series ◽  
Previous Note

This note continues an annual series on mortality rates in Great Britain; the previous note in the series appeared in J.I.A. 107, 529 and dealt with mortality in 1978. Tables 1 and 2 below show central death-rates for Great Britain for the years from 1966 to 1979 and Tables 3 and 4 show the ratios of these rates to the corresponding average rates for the three years 1970–72, which have been taken as a standard. Death-rates in this form for the years from 1961 to 1978 have been published in earlier notes in this series. The rates for 1979 have been calculated using the deaths recorded as occurring in Great Britain in 1979 and the ‘home’ population at 30 June 1979, i.e. the number of people actually in the country at the time, as estimated by the Registrars General of England and Wales and of Scotland.

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