The Pharmaceutical Industry: A Study in Corporate Power

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Interlocking Directorates ◽  
Drug Manufacturing

Most studies of the pharmaceutical industry have focused on such issues as restrictive patent regulation, ineffective products, duplicative marketing procedures, misrepresentative advertising, and the peculiar noncompetitive structure of markets. These investigations have revealed only certain aspects of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry. Three significant trends are investigated in this paper: international expansion, diversification through mergers and acquisitions, and interlocking directorates with financial institutions. The thesis of this paper is that small-scale drug manufacturing firms have been gradually replaced by large-scale multinational conglomerates. Production and sales are no longer dependent on pharmaceutical products. In the typical case, large-scale pharmaceutical-producing firms have been increasingly linked to financial institutions through interlocking directorates.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Industry in Uganda: A Review of the Common GMP Non-conformances during Regulatory Inspections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Lubowa ◽  
Zita Ekeocha ◽  
Stephen Robert Byrn ◽  
Kari L Clase
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Substandard Medicines ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

The prevalence of substandard medicines in Africa is high but not well documented. Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are likely to face considerable challenges with substandard medications. Africa faces inadequate drug regulatory practices, and in general, compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in most of the pharmaceutical industries is lacking. The majority of pharmaceutical manufacturers in developing countries are often overwhelmed by the GMP requirements and therefore are unable to operate in line with internationally acceptable standards. Non-conformances observed during regulatory inspections provide the status of the compliance to GMP requirements. The study aimed to identify the GMP non-conformances during regulatory inspections and gaps in the production of pharmaceuticals locally manufactured in Uganda by review of the available 50 GMP reports of 21 local pharmaceutical companies in Uganda from 2016. The binary logistic generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was applied to estimate the association between odds of a company failing to comply with the GMP requirements and non-conformances under each GMP inspection parameter. Analysis using dummy estimation to linear regression included determination of the relationship that existed between the selected variables (GMP inspection parameters) and the production capacity of the local pharmaceutical industry. Oral liquids, external liquid preparations, powders, creams, and ointments were the main categories of products manufactured locally. The results indicated that 86% of the non-conformances were major, 11% were minor, and 3% critical. The majority of the non-conformances were related to production (30.1%), documentation (24.5%), and quality control (17.6%). Regression results indicated that for every non-conformance under premises, equipment, and utilities, there was a 7-fold likelihood of the manufacturer failing to comply with the GMP standards (aOR=6.81, P=0.001). The results showed that major non-conformances were significantly higher in industries of small scale (B=6.77, P=0.02) and medium scale (B=8.40, P=0.04), as compared to those of large scale. This study highlights the failures in quality assurance systems and stagnated GMP improvements in these industries that need to be addressed by the manufacturers with support from the regulator. The addition of risk assessment to critical production and quality control operations and establishment of appropriate corrective and preventive actions as part of quality management systems are required to ensure that quality pharmaceuticals are manufactured locally.

Spatiality, Clustering, and the Agglomeration Economies of Scale

2018 ◽  
pp. 224-247
Author(s):  
Simbarashe Show Mazongonda ◽  
Innocent Chirisa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Knowledge Economies

This chapter is based on a study that tests the realities of agglomeration economies of scale due to clustering of small-scale manufacturing firms of the informal type in Zimbabwe. Little has been studied on how the informal sector thrives on agglomeration economies of scale in developing countries. Despite this lack of research, this chapter acknowledges the existence of strong networks among small-scale manufacturers in urban Zimbabwe. These linkages, contrary to practices within large-scale manufacturers, are cemented by strong ties of entrepreneurialism. With big manufacturers, the ties are usually worker-based and less defined along entrepreneurial lines. Using spatial statistical approach, the test revealed that tool sharing, output-input relationship, employment creation, and sharing of knowledge economies of scale are also evident in developing countries.

scholarly journals Governance and enterprise restructuring: the case of Macedonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mico Apostolov
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Economy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Enterprise Restructuring ◽  
The Republic

Purpose – This paper is a case study of the Republic of Macedonia and focuses on the development of governance and enterprise restructuring. Thus, country's effective corporate governance and corporate control, which impact enterprise restructuring, are essential in the analysis of market-driven restructuring through domestic financial institutions and markets. The data used in this article are analyzed with an econometric regression model, which as employed in this study examines the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. Two basic hypothesis are taken in the analysis: first, governance and enterprise restructuring depend on set of policies, such as, large-scale privatization, small-scale privatization, price liberalization, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange system, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions and overall infrastructure reform; and second, governance and enterprise restructuring improves over time due to imposed policies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The data used in this article are analyzed with an econometric regression model, which as employed in this study examines the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. Findings – There is still more to be done in order to bring these economies closer to the standards of developed ones. Indeed, it is needed considerable improvement of corporate governance, institution-building to control agency problems and imposing already adopted regulation, as well as, enforcing new enterprise restructuring policies, within existing policies of overall transition economy restructuring. Originality/value – This paper is a contribution to the research developing the business aspects of the Macedonian economy, as there is constant lack of scientific papers that deal with the specific issues of corporate governance and enterprise restructuring.

scholarly journals Challenges in implementing industry revolution 4.0 in INDIAN manufacturing SMES: insights from five case studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh N ◽  
Hemamala K ◽  
Ashok N
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Batch Size ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises

Purpose-This research examines Small and Medium manufacturing Enterprises (SME’s) awareness, current capability, willingness and ability to identify the challenges involved in implementing Industry 4.0(I 4.0) at their premises.Design/methodology/approach-A set of questionnaire was framed to collect qualitative and quantitative data from five manufacturing SME’s and they were analyzed to gain insight.Findings –3 out of 5 manufacturing SME’s are aware, capable, willing and have ability to identify the challenges for implementing Industry 4.0 at their premises. The study also found that implementation of I 4.0 depends on size of the firm. Medium size manufacturing firms had started investing in Information Technology but small scale industries is still struggling to figure out their long term benefit.Practical implications – The advancement and the integration of the technologies such as Cyber Physical system, Internet Of Things, Artificial intelligence, Big data, Cloud computing and 3D printing provides greater flexibility to the manufacturing firms. In today’s global competition with a huge demand for personalized products at low price with best quality, innovation and capability to full filling batch size of one is becoming important. Hence, to meet the market demand many large-scale industries started investing in advanced technology where SME has yet to pay attention.Originality/value –Paper indicates the Indian manufacturing SME’s preparedness for Industry 4.0. It contains five cases capturing the current manufacturing practices followed in the SME’s and their capability towards implementing Industry I 4.0 in Indian environment.  

scholarly journals Validation of the Information-Technology-Enabled Interaction Instrument in Contemporary Chinese Context

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Miao Li ◽  
Xin Yu ◽  
Chunhao Li
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Item Pool ◽  
Chinese Context ◽  
Large Scale Analysis ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

Practitioners and researchers have shown great interest in information-technology (IT)-enabled interactions across partnering firms and developed instruments for measuring it. However, those instruments might have been under criticism as they were developed before the widespread adoption of the new IT applications like video conferences, DingTalk and WeChat Moments among Chinese managers for the last five years. The purpose of this study is to validate the instrument of IT-enabled formal and informal interactions for the contemporary Chinese context. First, the study reviews the literature on IT-enabled interfirm interactions and designs an open questionnaire through in-depth interviews. Answers from 85 pairs of suppliers and manufacturers are coded and the preliminary item pool is generated through the qualitative analysis. Next, a small-scale pretest with 120 manufacturing firms is conducted to purify and modify the item pool. Finally, a large-scale analysis with 336 manufacturing firms is conducted to check the reliability and validity of the measurements. The finalized scale yields six items measuring IT-enabled formal interaction and five items measuring IT-enabled informal interaction, among which six are newly derived in this study. The validated instrument reveals satisfactory reliability and validity and can serve as the basic instruments for future research on IT-enabled interactions.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Problems Facing the Arab Pharmaceutical Industry: A Case Study from Yemen

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-Shakka ◽  
Ebtesam Abood ◽  
Adel Al-Dhubhany ◽  
Sami Abdo Radman Aldubai ◽  
Khaled Said ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturer ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs

Because of the almost-instant connection with the welfare and well-being of individuals, pharmaceutical industry stands prominently as a very important factor for the improvement and progress of a healthy productive nation. These days, pharmaceutical industry thrives as one of the largest and exponentially expanding global industries. Nonetheless, millions of people in low income developing countries, have to suffer from the fatal consequences of the inaccessibility and non-availability of essential drugs. This is also happening in Yemen, where the pharmaceutical manufacturers sector have to face up to many challenges. The Yemen Drug Company (YEDCO) was founded in 1964 by the Yemeni government as it collaborated with private investors. It was endorsed as a company with the expertise in the medicinal drug marketing. YEDCO started its work by taking in drugs from foreign companies and then locally marketing and distributing them. In 1982, YEDCO built the first medicinal factory for drugs in Sana’a. Since then, seven companies were set up to manufacture medicines in Yemen. The expanding population has led to the need to have more pharmaceutical products. It may be understandable that pharmaceutical manufacturer companies are also hit by the political crisis in the country. Inadequate amount of fuel and raw material as well as low security status were some of the underlying factors behind these ill-effects in Yemen. Imported drugs make up about nearly 90% % of the pharmaceutical market compared to 10% drugs from the domestic market. This situation has led to an additional burden being shouldered by the national economy, where Yemen spends about US$263 million annually on pharmaceutical drugs, in reference to the national Supreme Drugs Authority. Although there is a very quick growth in the population and drugs consumption, the pharmaceutical industry has not been very active, where global pharmaceutical products play their role dominantly on the domestic market. The pharmaceutical production necessitates skilled human resources like university graduates. By contrast, the government and the private sector should also motivate the pharmaceutical industry and make use of the local employment

Relationship between Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions and International Trade: The Case of Russian Pharmaceutical Industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Chugunova ◽  
Olga A. Klochko
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Export Volume ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Geographical Diversification ◽  
The Relationship

This research studies the relationship of cross-border mergers and acquisitions to international trade through the lens of Russian pharmaceutical market. To this aim, the study analyses the woks of foreign economists dedicated to evaluating the link between foreign direct investment and international trade, and the influence of mergers and acquisitions on countries’ export and import flows. The research also presents a correlation analysis between the volume of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports and cross-border deals performed by foreign pharmaceutical companies in Russia. We characterize these deals and conduct a comparative analysis of the regional structure of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports as well as of the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The results of the analysis indicate a positive relationship between cross-border mergers and acquisitions and Russian pharmaceutical exports, which is reflected in the export volume growth and its geographical diversification. However, it is outlined that particular problems of the industry hinder the amelioration of Russian positions in international exports. Similarly, the relationship between cross-border deals and Russian imports is positive: the major pharmaceutical products supply flow occurs from the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted in the Russian pharmaceutical sector.

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

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