Spatiality, Clustering, and the Agglomeration Economies of Scale

2018 ◽  
pp. 224-247
Author(s):  
Simbarashe Show Mazongonda ◽  
Innocent Chirisa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Knowledge Economies

This chapter is based on a study that tests the realities of agglomeration economies of scale due to clustering of small-scale manufacturing firms of the informal type in Zimbabwe. Little has been studied on how the informal sector thrives on agglomeration economies of scale in developing countries. Despite this lack of research, this chapter acknowledges the existence of strong networks among small-scale manufacturers in urban Zimbabwe. These linkages, contrary to practices within large-scale manufacturers, are cemented by strong ties of entrepreneurialism. With big manufacturers, the ties are usually worker-based and less defined along entrepreneurial lines. Using spatial statistical approach, the test revealed that tool sharing, output-input relationship, employment creation, and sharing of knowledge economies of scale are also evident in developing countries.

Spatial Perspectives on Coworking Spaces and Related Practices in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
He Huang ◽  
Yangfanqi Liu ◽  
Yuebing Liang ◽  
David Vargas ◽  
Lu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Knowledge Economies ◽  
Coworking Spaces ◽  
The City

Coworking space is a recent manifestation of the emerging sharing economy. This is largely due to two core driving forces: a new working style in the creative and knowledge economies, and the sharing economy, which promotes resource usage efficiency. This paper develops an analytical framework for the spatial perspectives on coworking spaces according to the core driving forces at both the urban and architectural levels, followed by empirical studies on practices related to coworking space in Beijing. The results indicate that at the city scale, coworking spaces tend to aggregate in clusters of large-scale creative and knowledge enterprises in mixed-use and high-density areas, and underutilized spaces become the key pillar. In the architectural dimension, coworking spaces tend to coexist with conventional office spaces or coliving apartments. Empirical studies in Beijing also show that coworking spaces have promoted the sustainable development of the city by renewing existing low-profit urban spaces and utilizing architectural spaces more efficiently. However, the unstable lease market of small-scale businesses, as well as marginal financial models, which pro fit from rental differences, challenge the survival of coworking spaces. In pursuit of capital, coworking spaces have tended to overexpand.

scholarly journals Understanding Informal Actors Of Plastic Waste Recycling In Semarang City

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Prasetyo Samadikun ◽  
Arya Rezagama ◽  
Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan ◽  
Pertiwi Andarani ◽  
Erina Dwi Rumanti
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
Recycling Agent

ABSTRAKKegiatan daur ulang sampah di Kota Semarang dapat dilakukan dengan cukup baik berkat campur tangan dari sektor informal. Sayangnya, kegiatan pengelolaan sampah formal tidak mempertimbangkan nilai pemulihan sampah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi aliran sampah plastik di sektor informal di Kota Semarang. Peneliti menggunakan wawancara mendalam untuk mengumpulkan data. Ada 46 agen daur ulang, termasuk lima (5) pemulung, 17 pengepul 20 perusahaan skala kecil, tiga (3) perusahaan skala besar, dan 1 perantara (pabrik penggilingan plastik) yang telah diwawancarai. Data dari Badan Lingkungan Hidup Kota Semarang digunakan sebagai data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sampah plastik yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing agen daur ulang diperkirakan 23,98 kg/ hari di tingkat pemulung, 54,74 kg/ hari di tingkat pengepul, 347,48 kg / hari di tingkat perusahaan skala kecil, 1.735,3 kg / hari di tingkat perusahaan skala besar, dan 2.160 kg / hari di tingkat perantara. Produsen bijih plastik daur ulang berlokasi di luar Kota Semarang, sedangkan bank sampah berbasis masyarakat adalah bagian dari pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat yang tidak mencari keuntungan. Oleh karena itu, tidak dibahas secara mendalam di penelitian ini.Kata kunci: sampah plastik, aliran sampah, agen daur ulangABSTRACTWaste recycling activities in Semarang City can be conducted quite well due to the interference of the informal sector. Unfortunately,  the formal waste management activities do not consider the utilization of waste recovery value. This study aims to identify the flow of plastic waste in the informal sector in Semarang City. We used in-depth interviews to collect data. There are 46 recycling agents, including five (5) scavengers, 17 scrap dealers, 20 small scale enterprises, three (3) large scale enterprises, and 1 intermediate (plastic grinding mill) that has been interviewed. Data from The Environment Agency of Semarang City obtained as secondary data. The results showed that the amount of plastic waste generated by each recycling agent was estimated at 23.98 kg/day at the scavenger level, 54.74 kg/day at the scrap dealer level, 347.48 kg/day at the small scale enterprise level, 1,735.3 kg / day days at large scale enterprise level, and 2,160 kg/day at the level of plastic waste intermediates. Recycled plastic ore producers are located outside Semarang City, whereas the community-based waste bank is part of community based solid waste management that is not looking for profit. Hence, it is not discussed in depth in this study.Keywords: plastic waste, waste flow, recycling agent

scholarly journals Problems of Working Women in the Rural Informal Sector of Punjab (Pakistan)

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Karamat Ali ◽  
Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Variable Structure ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The One

The informal sector plays a significant role in Pakistan’s economy as well as in other developing countries. The role of the informal sector in solving the unemployment problem of Third World countries has become the focus of a conceptual and empirical debate in recent years. Most of the research takes a favourable view of this sector and suggests that it should be used as a policy instrument for the solution of the most pressing problems of developing countries, such as unemployment, poverty, income inequalities, etc. Before proceeding further, we will define the informal sector and differentiate it from the formal sector. There are various definitions, but the one given in an ILO report (1972) is generally considered the best. According to this report, informal sector activities are ways of doing things characterised by a heterogeneous array of economic activities with relative ease of entry, reliance on indigenous resources; temporary or variable structure and family ownership of enterprises, small scale of operation, labour intensive and adapted technology, skills acquired outside the formal school system, not depending on formal financial institutions for its credit needs; unregulated and unregistered units, and not observing fixed hours/days of operation.

scholarly journals Economies of Scale: Research-Driven Social Impact in the Housing Studio

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Haar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
Neighborhood Development ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Design Build ◽  
The University

"How do we engage and envision “bottom-up” social change in the context of the academic design studio? What does it look like, and how is it taught? This paper shares a novel research-based studio engaged with large-scale projects in the city of Detroit that diverges from the small-scale, often design-build projects most often undertaken in community- based practice in the academy. Framed by the context of a research-intensive academic institution—the University of Michigan—the pedagogy asks how can we educate students in the potential for social impact and capacity-building at scale? In parallel, how can we leverage the research capacities of a large student body to advance the study of affordable housing and neighborhood development in the context of a city such as Detroit?"

scholarly journals Employment Creation Effects of Pakistan's Exports

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4II) ◽  
pp. 865-877
Author(s):  
Ashfaque H. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
World Market ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Exchange Effect ◽  
Industrial Growth

During the past two decades, an increasing number of developing countries have sought to pursue export -oriented trade and industrial policies as against the import -substitution strategy of industrialization.1 It has been argued that production for the world market not only restores the momentum of industrial growth but it leads to efficient resource allocation, greater capacity utilization, permits the exploitation of economies of scale, generates technological improvement in response to competition abroad and, most importantly, creates productive employment opportunities for a labour-surplus country [Balassa (1978), p. 180). This paper is not concerned with the merits or otherwise of export -oriented trade and industrialization policies rather we concentrate on the most important contribution of outward looking or export-oriented policy, i.e., its employment creation effects. It has been argued that an increased level of activity in the export sector gives rise to dynamic external economies of scale besides having its own direct effect. For example, an increase in exports creates jobs for workers directly engaged in the production of the export commodities. This being the direct effect, an increase in exports also creates employment via the linkage effect, multiplier effect and foreign exchange effect.2 A large number of studies over the last two decades have attempted to measure the direct and indirect contributions of exports in employment creation in developing countries.3 Almost all studies have used static input-output analysis to quantify the contribution of exports in employment generation.

scholarly journals Challenges in implementing industry revolution 4.0 in INDIAN manufacturing SMES: insights from five case studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh N ◽  
Hemamala K ◽  
Ashok N
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Batch Size ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises

Purpose-This research examines Small and Medium manufacturing Enterprises (SME’s) awareness, current capability, willingness and ability to identify the challenges involved in implementing Industry 4.0(I 4.0) at their premises.Design/methodology/approach-A set of questionnaire was framed to collect qualitative and quantitative data from five manufacturing SME’s and they were analyzed to gain insight.Findings –3 out of 5 manufacturing SME’s are aware, capable, willing and have ability to identify the challenges for implementing Industry 4.0 at their premises. The study also found that implementation of I 4.0 depends on size of the firm. Medium size manufacturing firms had started investing in Information Technology but small scale industries is still struggling to figure out their long term benefit.Practical implications – The advancement and the integration of the technologies such as Cyber Physical system, Internet Of Things, Artificial intelligence, Big data, Cloud computing and 3D printing provides greater flexibility to the manufacturing firms. In today’s global competition with a huge demand for personalized products at low price with best quality, innovation and capability to full filling batch size of one is becoming important. Hence, to meet the market demand many large-scale industries started investing in advanced technology where SME has yet to pay attention.Originality/value –Paper indicates the Indian manufacturing SME’s preparedness for Industry 4.0. It contains five cases capturing the current manufacturing practices followed in the SME’s and their capability towards implementing Industry I 4.0 in Indian environment.  

Labor Market Modeling and the Urban Informal Sector: Theory and Evidence

2018 ◽  
pp. 145-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Sector Theory ◽  
Urban Informal Sector

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the compatibility between theoretical models of the urban informal sector (UIS) and empirical evidence on the workings of that sector in the context of developing countries’ labour markets. The major point is that, although the UIS is an excellent idea which has served us well in the 1970s and 1980s, there is a need in the next round of research to refine the terminology and the models in light of empirical findings which have come to the fore in the interim. Wage employment or self-employment in small-scale units may be better than or worse than employment in the formal sector. This is not a new point: diversity of earning opportunities and other job characteristics within the informal sector has long been noted. But only recently has this view come to the fore.

The Pharmaceutical Industry: A Study in Corporate Power

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Interlocking Directorates ◽  
Drug Manufacturing

Most studies of the pharmaceutical industry have focused on such issues as restrictive patent regulation, ineffective products, duplicative marketing procedures, misrepresentative advertising, and the peculiar noncompetitive structure of markets. These investigations have revealed only certain aspects of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry. Three significant trends are investigated in this paper: international expansion, diversification through mergers and acquisitions, and interlocking directorates with financial institutions. The thesis of this paper is that small-scale drug manufacturing firms have been gradually replaced by large-scale multinational conglomerates. Production and sales are no longer dependent on pharmaceutical products. In the typical case, large-scale pharmaceutical-producing firms have been increasingly linked to financial institutions through interlocking directorates.

The Transition From Small-Scale to Large-Scale Industry

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2159-2165
Author(s):  
G. Campleman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
New Processing ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Capital Intensive

The transition in fisheries from small-scale to large-scale industry has traditionally evolved in the technically advanced countries over a period covering several generations. The present sophisticated, capital-intensive, highly mechanized fishing industry of Western Europe is a good example of this process.However, the developing countries of today are not content to wait through the evolutionary period. They want to establish a modern fishing industry — all aspects from catching the fish to processing and consumption — in the shortest time. Some have done so, at least in part, despite difficulties such as lack of trained personnel at all levels, lack of or inadequate infrastructure and marketing and distribution systems, inadequate capital resources, and so on.The author examines the main problems and challenges of the situation and provides various proposals and guidelines for such rapid development. He points out that the characteristic artisanal fisheries of the developing countries cannot be so transformed into modernized fisheries. They need a separate, slowly developing program for their upgrading. However, they are likely to be stimulated by and benefit from the establishment of a modern capital-intensive industry with which they must coexist. In particular, the artisanal fishermen should benefit from expansion of markets, introduction of new processing facilities, improvements in infrastructure, establishment of higher standards in handling, storage, and processing of fish, perhaps even by injection of capital and being given a specific share of the new industry, such as supplying it with high-priced prime fish, etc.

scholarly journals COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FROM OPERATIONAL CORPORATE REAL ESTATE DISPOSALS

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Louko
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Corporate Real Estate ◽  
Internal Property ◽  
Knowledge Economies ◽  
Accounting Rules

The large‐scale operational corporate real estate disposals, which have lately become more and more common in Europe, can create many benefits to corporations. Firstly, the corporations can get an immediate capital injection without additional external financing to support growth or to better capital structure. Secondly, corporations can in the best case obtain more property industry knowledge, economies of scale, tax advantages and increased flexibility through property disposals. However, it is also important to notice that sometimes the best expert is an internal property manager and that large corporate real estate deals can be slow and costly to structure. Furthermore, if the outsourcing is not planned well, agency problems and inflexibility could arise. In addition, off‐balance sheet financing is becoming more difficult due to changes in accounting rules. In all, it is crucial to have a solid property strategy that supports the overall business goal before structuring large‐scale disposals.

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