The Embeddedness of Branding and Marketing in City Governance in the Developing World

City branding and marketing is gaining more attention as cities compete on a global scale in attracting visitors, investors, talents, and inhabitants. Websites are used among other mechanisms to market cities as brands. Brands exist as distinct themes, logos, slogans, symbols, and content. Using review of literature, this chapter examines the embeddedness of city branding and marketing in city governance in the developing world. Symbolic elements that differentiate city brands should be exploited in embedding city marketing.

The Political Economy of Land and Urban Development

Many urban areas which have sprouted around the world owe their economic and social origins in growth points and market centers. Situated about 15 kilometers south-east of Harare, Epworth became one of Zimbabwe's largest peri-urban settlements due to the combined effect of demographic, political, and socioeconomic factors, among others. This chapter interrogates the various forces behind this unprecedented population growth. It demonstrates the relationship between Epworth's ballooning population and the various pull and push factors of urbanization. For example, immigration contributed immensely to this rise, although natural increase in births also contributed fairly significantly. This chapter examines the impact of population dynamics and other variables that were linked to the rapid expansion of Epworth on the overall development processes, arguing that economic and social infrastructure became conditioned by such dynamics.

Transportation and Urban Development

It is noteworthy that there is a substantial literature review that examines the impact of transportation infrastructure on urban and regional economic performance. It is observed that such infrastructure investments are focused on the economic growth as well as the spillover effect in applied studies carried out in this respect. In this study, in which the effects of highway transportation infrastructure on urban output and the spillover effect of these investments are determined using the spatial econometric method, 81 cities in Turkey have been taken into consideration, and according to the results of the study, transportation infrastructure investments in Turkey have been found to contribute positively to urban output. Also, while the Moran's I test statistic reveals the spatial dependence of such investments, the Lagrange multiplier test results also determine the need to use the spatial error model. The spatial error model results reveal the existence of the positive spillover effect of transportation infrastructure investments.

Responsible Practices of Stakeholders for Sustained Tourism Destination Development

Sustainability as a phrase is used differently in a number of frameworks and perspectives and is associated in a different manner by various people. The sensitivity of the sustainability paradigm is appraised due to the industry's juxtaposition to natural assets and closer association with the socio-cultural makeup at an attraction/destination. In the past studies, there is very little consideration given to understanding the stakeholder responsibilities taking into consideration all the stakeholders at an attraction/destination. However, a number of multi-stakeholder studies have supported the fact that there should be unidirectional planning of sustainable practices at an attraction/destination by all the stakeholder groups involved.

Housing Citizenship Through the Federation of Urban Poor in South Africa

This chapter explores the notion of housing citizenship through the Federation of Urban Poor (FEDUP) among the poor and homeless in South African townships. Through the Federation of Urban Poor, the poor people have been instrumental and pragmatic in promoting housing citizenship self-funded and with the help of the Department of Human Settlement both locally and nationally. The chapter makes use of human-capability development framework to draw lessons for active participation and empowerment in the delivery of services such as houses. The chapter found that the people involved in FEDUP managed to transform their dire situation from marginalization to empowerment and have managed to further outsource both government and private sector resources in the form of finances and human expertise. The data in this chapter are collected through face-to-face interviews, document analysis, and observations.

Governance and Institutional Framework for Smart Cities in India

Rapidly increasing urbanization in India has brought much needed focus on the urban development. City building in India is done mostly by local governments and very less by state government and union government. All three tiers of governance are involved in realizing smart city. Smart city will be built with a combined effort from various actors from three tiers of public governing institutions and several private enterprises. Smart cities will require superior planning, design, and coordination among these actors. Otherwise, it will be impossible to achieve faster, efficient, and superior quality city building and management. Historically, urban policy and its implementation in India has been tardy, thereby limiting the sustainable and planned growth of cities. The chapter will try to find the connection between governance and institutional framework for smart city building in India by taking a case of Varanasi city. Varanasi is a city in Uttar Pradesh state of India. It is one of the hundred proposed smart cities. Varanasi is a proposed city under AMRUT and HRIDAY schemes also.

The Positive Deviance Approach as a Behavior Change Strategy for Promoting Sustainable Sanitation Practices Including Eliminating Open Defecation

This chapter proposes the introduction of the positive deviance approach as a behavior change methodology for achieving sustainable sanitation in slums within Kampala city, Uganda. PD is an innovative public health strategy which promotes learning from people whose uncommon but successful behaviors allow them find better solutions to problem than peers with whom they face similar challenges. Adopting the application of PD by policy makers will allow for the examination of various sanitation achievements in communities with best practice and reciprocating in other areas.

Spatiality, Clustering, and the Agglomeration Economies of Scale

This chapter is based on a study that tests the realities of agglomeration economies of scale due to clustering of small-scale manufacturing firms of the informal type in Zimbabwe. Little has been studied on how the informal sector thrives on agglomeration economies of scale in developing countries. Despite this lack of research, this chapter acknowledges the existence of strong networks among small-scale manufacturers in urban Zimbabwe. These linkages, contrary to practices within large-scale manufacturers, are cemented by strong ties of entrepreneurialism. With big manufacturers, the ties are usually worker-based and less defined along entrepreneurial lines. Using spatial statistical approach, the test revealed that tool sharing, output-input relationship, employment creation, and sharing of knowledge economies of scale are also evident in developing countries.

Institutional Arrangements in Public Utilities and Public Management

Since the early 2000s a policy of attracting private operators to public utilities, which should help to increase productivity, reduce costs, and as a result, reduce utility prices, has taken place in Russia. The aim of the chapter is to identify the relationship between institutional arrangements and efficiency of water and sewer services. Statistical and cluster analysis was applied to empirical data on water utilities in the 13 largest cities in Russia. There were the differences in the level and dynamics of prices and other indicators for water supply and sewer services in the group of public utilities and public-private water utilities.

Informal Sector Operations and the Environment

Using case studies from Cairo, Harare, Kigali, and Addis Ababa, this study seeks to disentangle the relationship that exists between the informal sector and the urban environments in Africa. It argues that there are two sides to the coin of the informal sector: the informal sector as a major contributor to urban environmental pollution (land, water, air, and sound), and the sector works as a “cleanser” given its ability to re-use the materials that the formal sector has disgorged. The study defines the inputs, processes, throughputs, and outputs in the sector in keeping with the debates of informal sector contributor to poor environmental management and the informal sector cleanser of the potentially polluted environment. In light of these debates, the authors see the extant imperative of balancing between the two debates in order to inform the urban environmental policy. Overall, with improved technology or appropriate technology coupled with rigorous environmental stewardship campaigns, it is possible to create safer cities where brown, green, and red issues are balanced out.